03-HOA Ancient Egyptian PDF

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Our 3rd lesson on History of Archtecture, namely, Ancient Egyptian...

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History of architecture | WORLD architecture

EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE Pre–3100 BC: The Nile civilization

GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE

Fig 2. Date Palm

CLIMATIC INFLUENCE •

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Climate is equitable and of warm temperature, snow and frost being wholly unknown, while storm, fog and even rain are rare, which accounts to a large extent for the good preservation of the temples Structure has no downspout, drainage, and gutters due to absence of rain.

RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE Fig 1. Egyptian Civilization

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Egypt consists of a sandy desert with a strip of fertile country on the banks of Nile Egypt was the only nation of the ancient world which had once easy access to Northern or Mediterranean Sea, as well as to the Eastern, or Arabian Sea, or by the way of the Red Sea

MATERIALS ABUNDANT • • • • • • •

Stone – abundant building material except on temples & pyramids Soft stone –limestone, sandstone, alabaster Hard stone – granite, quartzite, basalt porphyry Sundried Bricks – made up of clay & chopped stone for pyramids & temples. Date Palm – for roofing materials Acacia– for boat Sycamore – mummy cases

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Fig 3. Egyptian Gods and Goddesses

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Pyramids were built because they believe in life after death & for the preservation of the dead body.

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History of architecture | WORLD architecture •

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Priesthood was powerful, possessed of almost unlimited authority and equipped with all the learning of the age. The religious rites were traditional, unchangeable and mysterious They are monotheistic in theory & polytheistic in practice Herodotus mentions that they looked upon the dwelling house as a mere temporary lodging, the tomb being the permanent abode. Egyptian gods and goddesses: - Amun-Ra – chief god - Rah – symbol of the sun, hope for eternal life - Atum – world creator - Osiris – god of the dead - Isis – wife of osiris - Horus – sky god, also reincarnation of “Ra” himself - Set – dread god of evil, brother of pleasure - Anubis – jackal headed god of death - Ptah – god of craftsmen - Serapis –bull god

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Development of two types of tombs: - Mastaba - Pyramid

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Imporatant Personalities: - Djoser – first pharaoh to order the construction of a pyramid (Step Pyramid) - Imhotep – Djoser’s vizier. Considered by some to be the earliest known architect - Sneferu – constructed the Bent Pyramid - Khufu – Sneferu’s son, the pharaoh who built the Three Great Pyramids of Gizeh

Middle Kingdom (11th-16th Dynasty)

HISTORICAL INFLUENCE

Fig 5. Hyksos Invasion

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Fig 4. Old Kingdom

Old Kingdom (1st to 10th Dynasty) •

A prosperous period in which much building was carried out Hyksos Dynasty – shepherd kings Important Personalities: - Mentuhotep II – founder of the Middle Kingdom. He also developed the 3rd type of tomb rock–cut tomb. - Senuseret – erected the earliest known obelisk - Amenemhet I – initiated the foundation of Great Temple of Ammon Kharnak, grandest of all temples

Capital being at Memphis

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History of architecture | WORLD architecture New Kingdom (17th – 20th Dynasty)

Fig 7. Social Class Pyramid Fig 6. New Kingdom Painting

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This period had Thebes as the capital, and many imposing building were erected at Karnak, Luxor and elsewhere Important Personalities: - Thuthmose I- began the additions to the Temple of Ammon, Kharnak. - Hatshepsut – queen of Egypt, famous for her funerary temple at Mount DerEl-Bahari. - Thuthmose IV – the one responsible for the cleaning away of sand from the Sphinx - Amenophis III – erected the Colossi of Memnon, one of the wonders of the world. - Rameses I – began the construction of the Great Hypostyle Hall, at Kharnak - Rameses II – finished the construction of the Hypostyle Hall, & erection of the Rock Temple at Abu-Simbel, and the Remission, Thebes.

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Fig 8. The Pharaoh Distinction

The Ptolemaic Period •

Important Personalities - Ptolemy II – built the Pharaohs or the Light House - Ptolemy III – founded the Greatest Serapeum at Alexandria.

Social Ranks • •

SOCIAL AND POLITICAL INFLUENCE

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Monarchy - form of government

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Pharaoh - King of Egypt, ruler, highest priest in Egypt Son of Pharaoh – normal successor to the throne Vizier - King’s most powerful official Chancellor -he controls the royal treasuries, granaries, & supervises the census Chief Steward - in charge of the King’s personal estate & household

Noble Families – royal throne with his family Soldiers, Viziers, Chancellors, Chief Stewards – next to leaders Fishermen, Craftsmen, Merchants, etc. ordinary Egyptians Slaves - lowest form

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History of architecture | WORLD architecture ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER • • •

Important Parts of Mastaba - Outer Chamber - where offerings were placed. Its walls are decorated with representations of festal and other scenes. - Inner Secret Chambers/Serdab – inner chamber containing the statues of the deceased member of the family - Shaft/Well – leading to the chamber containing the sarcophagus of the mummy - Sarcophagus – chamber containing the coffin reached by an under ground shaft. - Stele- is the upright stone slab containing the name of the dead found in the mastaba

Simplicity Monumentality Solidity / Massiveness

SYSTEMS OF CONSTRUCTION • •

Post & Lintel Columnar Or Trabeated

FEATURES OF EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

Fig 9. The Heiroglyphics

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Battered Wall - inclination from base to top of the façade. Hieroglyphics – were a formal writing system used by the ancient Egyptians that combined logographic and alphabetic elements. Egyptians used cursive hieroglyphs for religious literature on papyrus and wood.

THREE TYPES OF TOMBS •

Mastaba- flat top or tapered (around 75 degrees slope) solid temple. These are Tomb-houses that were made to take the body at full length - Tombs for noble and private individuals

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Fig 10. The Parts of a Mastaba

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Pyramids – royal tombs of the kings - Built by the kings as their future tomb. The governing idea is to secure immortality by the preservation of the mummy, till that time should have passed when according to their belief, the soul would once more return to the body. - Evolved from Mastaba with four sides facing the cardinal points, they were made by 100,000 men for 100 years

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History of architecture | WORLD architecture the top section is built at the shallower angle of 43 degrees, lending the pyramid its very obvious "bent" appearance

Fig 10. The Step Pyramid

Step Pyramid (Pyramid of Djoser), Saqqara - Evolved from Mastaba - This first Egyptian pyramid consisted of six mastabas (of decreasing size) built atop one another in what were clearly revisions and developments of the original plan - The superstructure of the Step Pyramid is six steps and was built in six stages, as might be expected with an experimental structure. - Built by Imhotep, oldest surviving masonry building structure in the world

Fig 12. The Three Great Pyramids of Gizeh

Slope Pyramid (The Pyramids of Gizeh) - Suare in plan, its area is about 13 acres, twice the extent of St. Peter, Rome. - The paces of these pyramids are equilateral triangles laid sloping and meeting in a point. - Parts (king’s chamber, Queen’s chamber, subterranean chamber, grand gallery, airshafts) The Three Great Pyramids Of Gizeh

Fig 11. The Bent Pyramid

Bent Pyramid (Pyramid of Sneferu), Dashur - A unique example of early pyramid development in Egypt, this was the second pyramid built by Sneferu - The lower part of the pyramid rises from the desert at a 54-degree inclination, but

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Fig 13. The Three Great Pyramids (in plan)

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Pyramid of Cheops or Khufu Pyramid Of Chepren or Khafre Pyramid Of Mykerinos Or Menkaure

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History of architecture | WORLD architecture Parts Of Pyramid Complex

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Mortuary – built in honor of the pharaohs Cult – built for the worship of the gods, only high priest can enter in both types of temple

Parts Of An Egyptian Temple

Fig 14. Parts of the Pyramid Complex

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Elevated Causeway Offering Chapel Mortuary Valley Building

Rock Cut Tomb or Rock Hewn Tomb - cut deep into the mountain rock - burial chamber that is cut into the living rock usually along the side of a hill. - It was a common form of burial for the wealthy in ancient times in several parts of the world

Fig 16. Egyptian Pylon

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Entrance Pylon – massive sloping towers fronted by an obelisks Hypaethral Court – large outer court open to the sky

Fig 17. Hypostyle Hall

• Fig 15. The Tombs of the Kings in Thebes

TWO TYPES OF TEMPLES

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Hypostyle Hall - a pillared hall in which the roofs rest on column. Sanctuary – usually surrounded by passages and chambers used in connection with the temple service.

Temples - they were sanctuaries that only Kings and Priests can penetrate Pylons – An Egyptian gateway. It played a critical role in the symbolic architecture of a cult building that was associated with the place of recreation and rebirth. Pylons were often decorated with scenes emphasizing a king's authority since it was the public face of a cult building

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Fig 17. Avenue of Sphinx

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History of architecture | WORLD architecture •

work of many Kings. Built from the 12th Dynasty to the Ptolemaic period.

Avenue of Sphinx – where mystical monster were placed

EXAMPLE OF TEMPLES

Fig 20. Temple of Queen Hatshepsut

• Fig 18. Great Temple of Abu Simbel

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Great Temple of Abu-Simbel - entrance forecourt leads to an imposing façade formed by a pylon carved with four Colossal seated statues - The twin temples were originally carved out of the mountainside during the reign of Pharaoh Ramesses II

Fig 21. Obelisk

Fig 19. Great Temple of Ammon Karnak

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Great Temple of Ammon Karnak - Grandest temple in Egyptian planning and was commenced by Amenemhet I - These temples were not built upon one complete plan but owe its size, disposition and magnificence to the

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Temple of Queen Hatshepsut, Mt. Der–ElBahari - Hatshepsut’s temple is considered the closest Egypt came to Classical architecture - Representative of New Kingdom funerary architecture, it both aggrandizes the pharaoh and includes sanctuaries to honor the gods relevant to her afterlife

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Obelisks – are monumental pillars usually in pairs at the temple entrances considered the symbol of “Heliopolis” the sun god. They are square in plan & stands at the ht. of 9 to 10 times the diameter of the base. The four sides tapers to the top on the form of a small pyramid.

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History of architecture | WORLD architecture •

Sphinx - Egyptian sphinx portrayed as a female. When it was, it symbolized Isis and/or the reigning queen. In Egypt the intellectual faculties ennobled the bestial traits present in the physical makeup of this creature

Fig 24. Egyptian Gorge

CAPITALS & COLUMNS Fig 22. Androsphinx

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Androsphinx, a mystical monster with a body of a lion and head of a man

Fig 23. Heirocosphinx

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Heirocosphinx, body of a lion & head of a hawk

Fig 23. Criosphinx

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Criosphinx, body lion & head of a ram

MOULDINGS •

Fig 25. Egyptian Capitals

Gorge and Hollow Moulding - the torus mold in Egyptian temples were used to cover the angles.

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History of architecture | WORLD architecture

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