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Test Bankto accompanyThe World of Psychology, Eighth Canadian Edition

Chapter 4 – States of Consciousness 1) The continuous stream of perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and sensations of which we are aware is referred to as a. behaviour analysis. b. unconscious processing. c. automatic processing. d. consciousness. Answer: d Correct: Consciousness is defined as the continuous flow of perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and sensations that fill our awareness. Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 98 Topic: Factual Objective: 4.1 Define circadian rhythms and explain how they influence sleep. 2) Which of the following best defines consciousness? a. wakefulness b. rationality c. awareness d. receptiveness Answer: c Correct: Consciousness is defined as the continuous flow of perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and sensations that fill our awareness. Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 98 Topic: Conceptual Objective: 4.1 Define circadian rhythms and explain how they influence sleep. 3) The subjective nature of consciousness has been recently examined through objective studies by psychologists using such tools as a. the MRI and aptitude tests.

Test Bankto accompanyThe World of Psychology, Eighth Canadian Edition

b. the CT scan and the EEG. c. psychotherapy and projective tests. d. legal and illicit drugs. Answer: b Correct: The CT scan and the EEG have provided observations of the brain during episodes of sleep and hypnosis. Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 98 Topic: Factual Objective: 4.1 Define circadian rhythms and explain how they influence sleep. 4) The most fundamental altered state is a. sleep. b. states reached through meditation. c. alcohol induced. d. a drug-induced state. Answer: a Correct: We spend approximately one-third of our lives in the altered state of consciousness known as sleep. Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 98 Topic: Factual Objective: 4.1 Define circadian rhythms and explain how they influence sleep. 5) Circadian rhythms are controlled largely by the a. calendar. b. pituitary gland. c. brain. d. heart. Answer: c

Test Bankto accompanyThe World of Psychology, Eighth Canadian Edition

Correct: Daily fluctuations in bodily functions constitute our circadian rhythms and are controlled by the brain. Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 98 Topic: Factual Objective: 4.1 Define circadian rhythms and explain how they influence sleep. 6) Which of the following is an example of an ultradian rhythm? a. bloodpressure b. menstruation c. hunger d. the body’s response to medications Answer: c Correct: Ultradian rhythms are biological patterns that occur more than once a day.Hunger is the only cycle listed that occurs more than once per day. Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 98 Topic: Factual Objective: 4.1 Define circadian rhythms and explain how they influence sleep. 7) Circadian rhythms commonly refer to physiological cycles that are approximately ____ long. a. 24 hours b. 30 days c. 7 days d. 72 hours Answer: a Correct: Circadian rhythms refer to daily fluctuations and therefore typically occur within a 24-hour cycle. Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 98 Topic: Factual

Test Bankto accompanyThe World of Psychology, Eighth Canadian Edition

Objective: 4.1 Define circadian rhythms and explain how they influence sleep. 8) Which of the following does not appear to follow a circadian rhythm? a. menstruation b. appetite c. secretion of hormones d. blood pressure and heart rate Answer: a Correct: This is the one pattern of the four options that does not follow the 24-hour cycle that defines a circadian rhythm. Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 98 Topic: Factual Objective: 4.1 Define circadian rhythms and explain how they influence sleep. 9) The daily fluctuations in body temperature and the sleep-wakefulness cycle are called a. infradian rhythms. b. ultradian rhythms. c. alpha rhythms. d. circadian rhythms. Answer: d Correct: These are two of the many patterns of fluctuations one experiences during a typical 24-hour cycle known as a circadian rhythm. Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 98 Topic: Factual Objective: 4.1 Define circadian rhythms and explain how they influence sleep. 10) The two circadian rhythms which are most relevant to the study of sleep are patterns of alertness and a. blood pressure. b. heart rate.

Test Bankto accompanyThe World of Psychology, Eighth Canadian Edition

c. body temperature. d. secretion of hormones. Answer: c Correct: In studying circadian rhythms and their effects on sleep, the main areas of focus are alertness and body temperature, as these two are closely tied to each other and to sleep patterns. Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 98 Topic: Factual Objective: 4.1 Define circadian rhythms and explain how they influence sleep. 11) For most people, 2:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m. is a time of day when they a. are less alert than during the rest of the day. b. are especially prone to sexual fantasies. c. are least likely to be able to sleep. d. are at their intellectual peak. Answer: a Correct: In the natural highs and lows of many bodily functions, alertness is at a relative low between 2:00 p.m. and 5:00 p.m., when compared to the rest of the daytime hours. Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 98 Topic: Factual Objective: 4.1 Define circadian rhythms and explain how they influence sleep. 12) In addition to circadian rhythms, other biological rhythms influence human functioning. Most noteworthy among these are __________________ a. ultradian and infradian rhythms. b. complex and simple rhythms. c. gastrointestinal rhythms. d. metabolic rhythms. Answer: a

Test Bankto accompanyThe World of Psychology, Eighth Canadian Edition

Correct: Some patterns of fluctuation are shorter and some are longer than the 24-hour circadian rhythm. These include ultradian and infradian rhythms, respectively. Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 98 Topic: Factual Objective: 4.1 Define circadian rhythms and explain how they influence sleep. 13) All of the following are considered to be part of infradian rhythms,except a. heartbeats. b. alertness. c. hunger. d. menstruation. Answer: d Correct: Infradian patterns repeat more than once through a 24-hour cycle. Of the four choices, only menstruation does not repeat its cycle more than once through the day. Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 98 Topic: Conceptual Objective: 4.1 Define circadian rhythms and explain how they influence sleep. 14) A good example of an ultradian rhythm is a. hunger. b. eye blinking. c. sleep. d. menstruation. Answer: d Correct: Ultradian rhythms exceed the 24-hour cycle. Of the four options listed, only menstruation fits that criterion. Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 98 Topic: Conceptual

Test Bankto accompanyThe World of Psychology, Eighth Canadian Edition

Objective: 4.1 Define circadian rhythms and explain how they influence sleep. 15) The discomfort that results from jet lag is caused by disruption of a. active consciousness. b. circadian rhythms. c. the receptive cycle. d. the vestibular system. Answer: b Correct: Because the body’s biological clock is disrupted when we cross time zones, this also impacts our circadian rhythms. Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 99 Topic: Conceptual Objective: 4.2 Explain the importance of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. 16) The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is located in the brain’s ________. a. cortex b. parietal lobe c. hypothalamus d. hippocampus Answer: c Correct: It is a very small region of the hypothalamus that responds to light. Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 98 Topic: Factual Objective: 4.2 Explain the importance of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. 17) The SCN acts on this information by signalling the________, located in the centre of the brain. a. hippocampus b. central lobe c. pineal gland

Test Bankto accompanyThe World of Psychology, Eighth Canadian Edition

d. adrenal gland Answer: c Correct: The pineal gland then releases melatonin. Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 99 Topic: Factual Objective: 4.2 Explain the importance of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. 18) Research suggests all of the following about jet lag,exceptthat a. it can cause permanent memory loss. b. it is made worse by exposure to melatonin. c. it can be aided by exposure to bright light during the early morning hours. d. it can be avoided to a certain degree by altering sleep patterns before travel. Answer: b Correct: Melatonin is a treatment for jet lag. Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 99 Topic: Factual Objective: 4.2 Explain the importance of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. 19) Researchers believe that the suprachiasmatic nucleus acts as a. our biological clock. b. the regulator of our heart rate. c. a trigger for thirst and hunger sensations. d. the source of inner awareness of time. Answer: a Correct: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is activated by light signals coming from the optic nerve. In the absence of light signals, the SCN signals the pineal gland, which releases melatonin during the darkest hours, which induces sleep. Diff: 2 Type: MC

Test Bankto accompanyThe World of Psychology, Eighth Canadian Edition

Page Reference: 99 Topic: Conceptual Objective: 4.2 Explain the importance of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. 20) What is regarded as the physical site of our biological clock? a. the thalamus b. the pineal gland c. the suprachiasmatic nucleus d. the heart Answer: c Correct: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is activated by light signals coming from the optic nerve. In the absence of light signals, the SCN signals the pineal gland, which releases melatonin during the darkest hours, which induces sleep. Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 99 Topic: Conceptual Objective: 4.2 Explain the importance of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. 21) Simone flew from Edmonton, Alberta, to London,England, two days ago. Since then, she has been feeling sleepy during the day but has had difficulty sleeping during the night. The probable reason for her difficulty is that a. airline travel has temporarily disrupted her hypothalamus. b. she is exhausted from sight-seeing. c. her body clock is not synchronized with clock time. d. she has eaten meals at odd hours, disrupting her digestive system. Answer: c Correct: Because the body’s biological clock is disrupted when we cross time zones, this also impacts our circadian rhythms—one of the most noteworthy being sleep patterns. Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 99 Topic: Applied Objective: 4.2 Explain the importance of the suprachiasmatic nucleus.

Test Bankto accompanyThe World of Psychology, Eighth Canadian Edition

22) Which of the following is an effective strategy for combating jetlag? a. Skipping an extra night’s sleep after arriving at your destination. b. Avoiding sunlight in the morning and exposure to bright light in the evening. c. Gradually advancing your sleep schedule by an hour a night before you leave home. d. The consistent use of caffeine throughout the day. Answer: c Correct: Research suggests that gradually advancing your sleep schedule by an hour a night before leaving home can help adjust the circadian rhythm and prevent jetlag. Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 99 Topic: Conceptual Objective: 4.2 Explain the importance of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. 23) Disruption of circadian rhythms is most likely to be a long-term problem for people who a. travel abroad every summer. b. work rotating shifts. c. don’t go to sleep and wake up at approximately the same time every day. d. have an inner-ear infection. Answer: b Correct: Like travel across time zones, shift work also disrupts the normal circadian rhythms by disturbing our biological clock. Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 99 Topic: Conceptual Objective: 4.3 Describe the problems associated with shift work. 24) All of the following statements are true of shift workers,except that a. they have more digestive problems. b. they perk up during their subjective night. c. they use more caffeine and alcohol.

Test Bankto accompanyThe World of Psychology, Eighth Canadian Edition

d. they sleep fewer hours. Answer: b Correct: During subjective night, our biological clock is telling us to go to sleep. Shift workers are no different in this regard. Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 100 Topic: Conceptual Objective: 4.3 Describe the problems associated with shift work. 25) The negative impacts of shift work a. are typically resolved within three months of resuming normal sleep patterns. b. are usually reversed after one full night of normal sleep. c. are usually reversed after three consecutive nights of normal sleep. d. can last for years, and some effects may be permanent. Answer: d Correct: Some effects of chronic circadian rhythm disruption, such as memory loss in airline pilots and flight attendants, may be permanent. Other effects of shift work have been observed to last for months or years after shift work ends. Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 99 Topic: Factual Objective: 4.3 Describe the problems associated with shift work. 26) All of the following help shift workers feel better,except a. a drug called modafinil. b. eating a large meal before, during, and immediately after a night shift. c. brief naps during each shift. d. light exposure during the last four hours of sleep. Answer: b Correct: Because the body naturally slows down during the night, digestion does not work at optimum levels at this time, thus necessitating the need for lighter food consumption when working the night shift.

Test Bankto accompanyThe World of Psychology, Eighth Canadian Edition

Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 100 Topic: Conceptual Objective: 4.3 Describe the problems associated with shift work. 27) Whichof the following statements is nottrue about subjective night? a. The urge to sleep is greatest. b. Energy and efficiency are at their lowest points. c. Productivity diminishes. d. Body temperature is at its highest. Correct: Body temperature naturally drops during subjective night. Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 100 Topic: Factual Objective: 4.3 Describe the problems associated with shift work. 28) Research has shown that the hour change during daylight savings time a. is a popular travel day because of its effects on jet-lag. b. is associated with increased traffic accidents and deaths. c. is associated with an increased rate of violent crime. d. has no significant effects on behaviour. Answer: b Correct: Research shows the one-hour sleep loss we experience when we put our clocks forward in the spring for daylight saving time is associatedwith a significant increase in traffic accidents and deaths. Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 100 Topic: Factual Objective: 4.3 Describe the problems associated with shift work.

Test Bankto accompanyThe World of Psychology, Eighth Canadian Edition

29) In order to reduce the impact of circadian rhythm disruption, light masks should be used a. for the entire sleep session. b. during the last four hours of a sleep session. c. during the first four hours of a sleep session. d. For the four hours just prior to a sleep session. Answer: b Correct: Light masks expose the person sleeping to bright light through the eyelids. Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 100 Topic: Factual Objective: 4.3 Describe the problems associated with shift work. 30) Your company is creating a new rotating night shift for its workers. How would you advise them to proceed in order to reduce the risks associated with circadian rhythm disruption? a. Make sure that night shifts always span the entire night. b. Install a free coffee machine for the workers to use when the feel sleepy. c. Rotate shifts every night by at least 6 hours, so that no worker is left on the night shift for very long. d. Allow a break for workers to have a brief nap during their shifts.

Answer: d Correct: Brief nap periods during each shift help sleepy workers adjust to rotating shifts. Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 100 Topic: Applied Objective: 4.3 Describe the problems associated with shift work. 31) Research suggests that problems with night shifts can be overcome by a. higher personnel turnover. b. exposure to periods of high light while working.

Test Bankto accompanyThe World of Psychology, Eighth Canadian Edition

c. asking for volunteers. d. the playing of soft music in the workplace. Answer: b Correct: Light exposure is believed to help reset the biological clock to combat the disruption to the circadian rhythms associated with shift work. Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 100 Topic: Factual Objective: 4.3 Describe the problems associated with shift work. 32) All of the following are believed to decrease problems associated with working night shifts, except a. staying awake for 24 hours after a night shift by increasing caffeine intake. b. exposure to bright light during the last four hours of sleep. c. use of a wakefulness drug called modafinil. d. brief nap periods during a shift, where possible. Answer: a Correct: All of the three remaining options for this item are supported by research that suggests they may minimize the difficulties associated with shift work. No research has suggested that staying awake for 24 hours is a viable strategy to alleviate problems with shift work. Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 100 Topic: Conceptual Objective: 4.3 Describe the problems associated with shift work. 33) Early research on sleep included monitoring subjects in all of the following areas except a. chin-muscle tension. b. heart and respiration rates. c. eye movements. d. large-muscle twitches.

Test Bankto accompanyThe World of Psychology, Eighth Canadian Edition

Answer: d Correct: In early research on sleep, subjects were measured on all areas in the remaining three options, but not on large-muscle twitches. Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 101 Topic: Factual Objective: 4.4 Define and compare NREM and REM sleep. 34) As a person shifts from a waking state to being asleep, a. heart rate gradually increases. b. blood pressure rapidly increases. c. brain activity decreases. d. respiration rates increase slowly. Answer: c Correct: In the early stages of sleep, as we gradually leave the waking state, our level of brain activity decreases. Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 101 Topic: Factual Objective: 4.4 Define and compare NREM and REM sleep. 35) How many different stages of NREM sleep have been identified? a. two b. three c. one d. four Correct: There are known to be four stages of non-REM sleep. Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 101 Topic: Factual

Test Bankto accompanyThe World of Psychology, Eighth Canadian Edition

Objective: 4.4 Define and compare NREM and REM sleep. 36) Which of the following is characteristic of REM sleep? a. delta waves b. increased brain temperature c. activation of large muscles d. decrease in adrenaline Answer: b Correct: Among the many physiological changes that occur during REM sleep is a rise in brain temperature rises. Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 101 Topic: Factual Objective: 4.4 Define and compare NREM and REM sleep. 37) Which of the following occurs during REM sleep? a. slower and irregular respiration b. lower blood pressure c. paralysis of the large muscles d. decreased brain activity Answer: c Correct: While the internal systems and brain are activated during REM sleep as though an emergency is occurring, the large muscles are essentially paralyzed. Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 101 Topic: Factual Objective: 4.4 Define and compare NREM and REM sleep. 38) Which of the following is not typical of REM sleep? a. paralysis of large muscles b. rapid eye movements c. slow, regular respiration and heart rate

Test Bankto accompanyThe World of Psychology, Eighth Canadian Edition

d. dreaming Answer: c Correct: The internal systems and brain are activated during REM sleep as though an emergency is occurring. As a result, breathing and heart rate are usually hastened during REM sleep. Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 101 Topic: Conceptual Objective: 4.4 Define and compare NREM and REM sleep. 39) Which of the following is more typical of NREM than REM sleep? a. fast, regular respiration and heart rate b. vivid dreams c. eye ...