1 PSYC 20 Chapter 1 Reviewer PDF

Preview

Summary

Chapter 1 of Psychology Book by White and Ciccarelli...

Description

CHAPTER 1: THE SCIENCE OF PSYCHOLOGY 1.1 What is Psychology? Psychology  Scientific study of human of human behavior and thought: how and why we think, feel, behave, and relate with one another in predictable ways  Scientific study of behavior and mental processes - Behavior- overt/ outward - Mental processes- covert/ internal Goals of Psychology    

Describe- observing behavior Explain- to build a theory Predict- what will happen in the future Control- modification of behavior

Specializations of Psychology  Clinical- concerned with mental health diseases and disorders - Psychologist- therapy; how the medicines would effectively work - Psychiatrist- issue medications  Counseling- help people to function even better  Developmental- how people change over time and how they interact with one another  Social- how social factors affect the way we behave  Personality- detect relatively permanent personal traits 1.2 Wilhelm Wundt, Structuralism and Functionalism Wilhelm Wundt  “Father of Psychology”  Laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in 1879  Believed that consciousness can be broken down into thoughts, experiences, emotions, and other basic elements  Objective introspection- process of objectively examining and measuring one’s own thoughts and mental activities - Objectivity was very important

Edward Titchener and Structuralism  Student of Wundt  Structuralism- focus of the study was the structure of the mind - Died out in the early 1900s  Also believed with all the proposal of Wundt

 Objective introspection could be used on thoughts and physical sensations  Margaret Washburn - Student of Titchener - First woman to receive a Ph.D. in Psychology William James and Functionalism  Harvard University- first school in America to offer classes in Psychology  James was more interested in the importance of consciousness to everyday life  Functionalism- How the mind allows people to function in the real world—how people work, play and adapt to their surroundings - can be found educational and industrial psychology  Mary Whiton Calkins - Student of James - Denied the degree by Harvard University because she is a woman 1.3 Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and Behaviorism Gestalt Psychology  “Organized whole” or Configuration”  “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts”  Perception can only be understood as a whole, entire event  Part of cognitive psychology  Max Wertheimer - Opposed structuralism Theory of Psychoanalysis  There is an unconscious mind into which we push or repress all of our threatening urges and desires  Importance of childhood experiences  Basis for the modern psychotherapy  Sigmund Freud - Noted physician in Austria (Neurologist) Behaviorism  Ignore the whole consciousness and focus on the observable behavior—directly seen and measured  Ivan Pavlov - Physiologist - Worked with dogs and observed their salivation (reflex) in response to a totally new stimulus  John Watson - Believed that all behavior is learned - Believed that phobias are learned through the process of conditioning

-

“Little Albert” Mary Cover Jones – counter conditioning with “Little Peter”

1.5 Psychological Professionals and Areas of Specialization Where Psychologists work

1.4 Seven Modern Perspectives Psychodynamic Perspective  Influence of unconscious mind and childhood experience to the conscious behavior  Emphasis on the development of sense of self social and interpersonal relationship, and discovery of motivation behind people’s behavior Behavioral Perspective  B.F. Skinner - Continued classical conditioning - Introduced operant conditioning to explain how voluntary behavior is learned Humanistic Perspective  People have the free will, the freedom to choose their own destiny and strive for selfactualization  Abraham Maslow and Car Rogers Cognitive Perspective  Focuses on how people think, remember, store, and use information  Cognitive neuroscience - Study of physical workings of the brain and nervous system when engaged in memory, thinking, and other cognitive processes

Sociocultural Perspective  Relation of the study of groups, social roles and rules of social actions as well as the study of cultural norms, values, and expectations  The behavior is influenced by the presence of people around us (social identity) as well as our class, ethnicity, norms (cultural identity) Biopsychological Perspective  Study of biological bases of behavior and mental processes  Human and animal behavior is seen as a direct results of events in the body  Hormones, heredity, brain chemicals, tumors, and diseases are some of the biological causes of behavior and mental events Evolutionary Perspective  Focus on the biological bases for universal mental characteristics that all humans share

      

University and four-year colleges- 35% Schools and other educational Settings- 7% Self-employed- 21% Private for profit- 18% Private not for profit- 9% State and local government- 6% Federal government- 4%

Subfields of Psychology           

Clinical- 34% Cognitive- 6% Counseling- 13% Experimental and Other research areas- 8% School- 4% Industrial/ Organizational- 5% Social and Personality- 6% Developmental- 12% Educational- 2% General- 6% Other- 4% 1.6 Scientific Method

 Research Process - Reality  Theory  Hypotheses (as derived from Theory  Data (To test adequacy of each theory)  Theory  Applications (Recommendations) - How to support and enhance motivation and emotion in applied settings  A system for reducing bias and error in the measurement of data  Way to determine facts and control possibilities of error and bias when observing behavior  Variables - Conceptual definition- dictionary-based - Operational Definition- how to measure  Independent Variable  Dependent Variable  Experimental Group  Control Group- “silent group”  Random Assignment 1.7 Descriptive Methods: Naturalistic and Laboratory Naturalistic Observation  To know what is happening one needs to observe the behavior  Advantage of this is seeing a realistic picture of how behavior occurs in its natural setting  Disadvantage is that each naturalistic setting is unique and so one observation may not hold true for any other time

 Observer effect- the people will not behave normally as they know they are being observed  Participant observation- disadvantage could be observer bias (particular opinion on what he/she expects to see)  Blind observer- not knowing the research question to avoid biases and expectations Laboratory Observation  Not practical in a natural setting  Disadvantage could be having an artificial situation which leads to artificial behavior  Advantage of this is the degree of control it gives the researcher 1.8 Descriptive Methods: Case Studies and Surveys Case Studies  One individual is studied in great detail  Best used for rare cases that requires vast details  Disadvantage is that the result could not be applied to other similar people  Observer bias is also possible

 Experimental group- group exposed to the independent variable  Control group- group that receives either no treatment or some kind of treatment that should have no effect Importance of Randomization  To ensure control over interfering or extraneous variables  Random assignment- each participant is an equal chance of being assigned to each condition Placebo Effect  Participants’ beliefs or expectations about a study can influence their behavior Experimenter Effect  Experimenter’s biases can affect or influence participants’ behavior Single-Blind Studies  Participants are blind to the treatment they receive Double-Blind Studies

Surveys  A way to find out about very private (covert) behavior  In a form of questionnaire, interview, or online  Advantage is the possibility of a larger respondent  Disadvantage is the fact that respondents are likely to give inaccurate answers 1.9 Correlations: Finding Relationships  Statistical technique that measures relationship between two or more variables  Correlation coefficient- direction of relationship (directly/inversely correlated) and its strength (between +1.00 and -1.00)  Does not prove causation 1.10 The Experiment Selection  Random selection of sample from a population Variables

 Neither the participants nor the researchers know who got what Test Yourself In the definition of psychology mental process means? Internal, covert processes Dr. Baker designs an experiment for studying lab rats' reactions to energy drinks in relation to problem solving. Dr. Baker is most interested in the goal of? Explanation Results of the study by Cheryan et al suggest that changes must occur to the perception of the computer science field. This illustrates the goal of? Prediction Which of the following early psychologist would have been most likely to agree with the statement "the study of the mind should focus should focus on how it functions in everyday life"? William James

 Independent- manipulated variable in the Who was the first woman to complete course work for experiment a doctorate at Harvard University?  Dependent- response of the participants to the Mary Whiton Calkins manipulation The Groups

Which early perspective tried to return to a focus on scientific inquiry by ignoring the study of consciousness? Behaviorism

made to stay awake. In this experiment, the control group is? The group that gets to sleep

Which of the following perspectives focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics? Evolutionary

In a study, the participants do not know if they are a part of the control group or the experimental group. Only the experimenter knows who is in which group. Single blind

Which perspective offers the best explanation for schizophrenia? Biopsychological

In the "dumb jock" stereotype threat experiment, what was the independent variable? The degree of the stereotype threat

Wesley has learned that if he cries with his mother in public, she will often get him a new toy or a piece of candy so as to quiet him. Which of the following explains Wesley's behavior? Behavioral

What is the first guideline for doing research with people? The rights and well-being of the participants must come first

Which perspective would a researcher be taking if she were studying a client's early childhood experiences and his resulting development of self? Psychodynamic Which of the following professionals in psychology has no medical training but has a doctorate degree? Psychologist If Dr. Swasey is like most psychologists, where does she probably work? University/College In the scientific method, the final step is? Reporting your results Which of the following is an example of observer bias? You ask people from your church to participate in a study of family values The greatest advantage of using a case study is that? There is a tremendous amount of detail that can be gathered The main advantage of a survey is that? A large amount of data can be gathered By using ________, researchers can maximize the likelihood of a representative sample? Random selection from a larger group Which of the following would indicate the weakest relationship and thus be close to complete randomness? +0.01 In an experiment to examine the effects of sleep deprivation on a complete of a puzzle, one group is allowed to sleep eight hours while another group is

What is the biggest reason why we use animals in research? We can do things to animals we can't do to people In the definition of psychology, the term behavior mean? Overt actions and reactions A psychologist is interested in finding out why married couples seemingly begin to look like each other after several years of marriage. This psychologists is most interested in the goal of Explaining Who is considered to be the father of African American psychology? Francis Cecil Sumner Which psychologist dared to ignore the whole consciousness issue and return to a study of scientific inquiry by focusing on observable behavior? John Watson Which perspective is often referred to as the "third force" in psychology and focuses on a person's freedom of choice and determining their behavior? Humanism Which perspective best explains the bystander effect whereby individuals will be less likely to help someone in need because of the presence of others close by? Sociocultural If Dr. Byers uses an eclectic approach in her clinical treatment of children, what is she doing? She is using a combination of perspectives to treat different clients

Dr. Colton identifies himself with the largest subfield of psychology. What kind of psychologist is he? Clinical

texts. The number of virtual accidents is measured for each group. What is the independent variable? Texting

Micah has recently been diagnosed with a psychological disorder that is best addressed initially with medication. He would likely benefit the most by seeing a? Psychiatrist

A researcher asks an assistant to conduct a study on her behalf. She specifically tells her assistant only to share the results anonymously and not include the names of the students along with their scores. Such an experiment would be considered a? Double-blind experiment Double-blind studies control for? the placebo effect and the experiment effect

Which step in the scientific method is derived from the goal of description? Perceiving a question Brianne wants to find an explanation for the behavior of her lab rats in her study. Which step in the scientific method is she currently focusing on? Testing a hypothesis The famous study of Phineas Gage, who survived when a mental rod pierced his skull, is an example of? Case Study A researcher finds that as her subject increased the number of hours they spent exercising, the overall weight of her subjects decreased. This would be an example of a _________ correlation. Negative A researcher wants to study the effects of texting on driving. Students in Group A drive a car in a computer game and see how many virtual accidents they have. Students in Group B are asked to drive the same virtual car but must respond to or send at least three

In the stereotypes and athletes study, who was the study group? Those who completed the survey prior to the intelligence test Dr. Calvin needs one more participant to complete her experiment. Lisa, a student of Dr. Calvin, has almost completed the experiment when she announces that she wants to quit because the experiment is too boring. What options does Dr. Calvin have? Dr. Calvin must let Lisa go and find another participant A famous golfer advertises a new golf bracelet that helps minimized fatigue while playing. If Bethany decides to order the bracelet because she believes that such a well-known personality should know if it works or not, she has made an error in which of the following? Authority or expertise does not make the claims of the authority or expert true...