13 Analyzing the Efficiency of Human Movement PDF

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13.1 Analyzing Functional Movement ● Functional movement: Movement that places demands on core musculature and nervous system; usually involves multi-directional and multi-joint movements ● Biomechnaists and other movement professionals assess functional movement by means of: ○ qualitative (non-numerical) analysis ○ quantitative (numerical) analysis or a combination of both

Efficiency of Movement in Sport and in Everyday Life ● Energy leak: Inefficient use of energy in the performance of a task or skill, leading to poor performance, fatigue, or injury

Counteracting Disruption in the Efficiency of Movement ● Injuries, growth spurts, and disabilities can disrupt well-established, efficient movement patterns ● Movement professional use data from qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis, or both to counteract situations that disrupt the proficiency and efficiency of human movement

13.2 Qualitative Analysis of Human Movement ● Qualitative analysis: Analysis that describes movement and technique primarily by using non-numerical information ● The simplest type of qualitative analysis is using descriptive words in feedback ● Qualitative analysis ranges from sensory observation of a movement to a comprehensive, structured approach involving preparation, observation, diagnosis-evaluation, and intervention ● Recording devices can reveal flaws in unsuccessful performance

Knowldge-Based Sensory Observations ● A quantitative analyst observes and evaluates the technique that is used when executing a particular skill based on their standard

Advantages and Limitations of Qualitative Analysis ● Qualitative analysis is best suited to activities that occur at rates slow enough for the

human eye to capture details of movement and pattern with reasonable accuracy Advantages

Disadvantages

● They can be conducted in many different settings

● Reliability and validity of results questionable if analyst lacks knowledge in a particular area

● They require little or no equipment

● Observer bias can influence the results of assessment

● Immediate verbal feedback

● High speed movement difficult to detect

● Written or recorded record can assess improvement over time

13.3 Quantitative Analysis of Human Movement ● Quantitative analysis: Analysis that describes movement using numerical information ● Simple quantitative analysis includes: ○ Timing a 200m dash ○ “Timed Up and GO (TUG) Test”: Determines disability by timing rising from chair, walk 3m and back, and sitting back down ● Complex quantitative analysis includes: ○ Imagine based motion analysis ■ Video equipment ○ Automatic marker-tracking systems ○ Force or pressure plates or insoles to measure foot-strike patterns ● A quantitative analyst must decide at the outset the best measurement techniques and methods to obtain information ● Complex mathematical models are often of little practical use to a teacher or coach and mainly used by quantitative movement analysis researchers

Conducting a Quantitative Analysis ● A quantitative analysis begins with examination of: 1. Time (temporal) characteristics 2. Displacement (spatial) characteristics

Advantages and Limitations of Quantitative Analysis ● Quantitative analysis relies on instruments and technologies that is objective, rather than

subjective assessment that can be influenced by an observer’s bias Advantages

Disadvantages

● Does not rely on immediate knowledge but rather on expertise of those operating instruments used to gather and analyze data

● Often require expensive equipment and software

● Instruments in good working order provide data with a high degree of accuracy and reliability

● Analysts require high levels of technical skills to operate equipment, generate data, and analyse the data

● Allow for complex movements; high speed movements; fine movements

● Time-consuming

13.4 Analyzing Human Movement: 4 Examples Example 1: Walking 1. Force of gravity works in opposition to a toddler 2. Toddler takes wide stance created by pointing toes outwards to increase stability 3. Child gains neural control of musculature and in muscle strength, out-toeing is reduced and base of support narrows 4. Adult demonstrates mature, proficient walking pattern 5. Over time, disease, injury, and natural against processes reduce a person's walking proficiency

Example 2: Kicking a Soccer Ball 1. T

Example 3: Floor Hockey Wrist Shot Example 4: Computerized Motion Analysis...