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UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

FINALS: Week 7 How Society is Organized

Learning Competency At the end of the lesson, learners: a. traces kinship ties and social networks. b. describe the organized nature of social life and rules governing behavior. c. compare different social forms of social organization according to their manifest and latent functions. d. analyze social and political structures. and e. analyze economic organization and its impacts on the lives of people in the society.

Get Started: Direction: Supply with answers the following questions. 1. How do you define, “No Man Is an Island.”? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 2. When do you consider someone your best friend? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 3. Do you agree that your best friend can be considered as sibling from a different womb? Why/How do you say so? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 4. What is the purpose of having a family? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 5. Why not all people we encounter become close to us? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________

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Get Informed: Key Points. A social group exhibits some degree of social cohesion and is more than a simple collection or aggregate of individuals. Social cohesion can be formed through shared interests, values, representations, ethnic or social background, and kinship ties, among other factors. The social identity approach posits that the necessary and sufficient conditions for the formation of social groups is the awareness that an individual belongs and is recognized as a member of a group. The social identity approach posits that the necessary and sufficient conditions for the formation of social groups is the awareness that the individual belongs and is recognized as a member of a group. Key Terms. SOCIAL GROUP: A collection of humans or animals that share certain characteristics, interact with one another, accept expectations and obligations as members of the group, and share a common identity. THE SOCIAL IDENTITY APPROACH: Posits that the necessary and sufficient condition for the formation of social groups is awareness of a common category membership. THE SOCIAL COHESION APPROACH: More than a simple collection or aggregate of individuals, such as people waiting at a bus stop, or people waiting in a line.

PRIMARY GROUPS A primary group is typically a small social group whose members share close, personal, enduring relationships.

Key Points. Primary groups are marked by concern for one another, shared activities and culture, and long periods of time spent together. They are psychologically comforting and quite influential in developing personal identity. Families and close friends are examples of primary groups. The goal of primary groups is the relationships themselves rather than achieving some other purpose. Key Terms. Close friends: They are examples of primary groups. Group: Several things or persons being in some relation to one another. Relationship: Connection or association; the condition of being related.

Charles Cooley The concept of the primary group was introduced by Charles Cooley, a sociologist from the Chicago School of sociology, in his book Social Organization: A Study of the Larger Mind (1909). Primary groups play an important role in the development of personal identity. Cooley argued that the impact of the primary group is so great that individuals cling to primary ideals in UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

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3|Page more complex associations and even create new primary groupings within formal organizations. To that extent, he viewed society as a constant experiment in enlarging social experience and in coordinating variety. He, therefore, analyzed the operation of such complex social forms as formal institutions and social class systems and the subtle controls of public opinion.

Functions of Primary Groups A primary group is a group in which one exchanges implicit items, such as love, caring, concern, support, etc. Examples of these would-be family groups, love relationships, crisis support groups, and church groups. Relationships formed in primary groups are often long-lasting and goals in themselves. They also are often psychologically comforting to the individuals involved and provide a source of support and encouragement.

SECOND GROUPS Secondary groups are large groups whose relationships are impersonal and goal-oriented; their relationships are temporary. Unlike first groups, secondary groups are large groups whose relationships are impersonal and goal oriented. People in a secondary group interact on a less personal level than in a primary group, and their relationships are generally temporary rather than long lasting. Some secondary groups may last for many years, though most are short term. Such groups also begin and end with very little significance in the lives of the people involved.

Key Points. The distinction between primary and secondary groups was originally proposed by Charles Cooley. He termed them “secondary” because they generally develop later in life and are much less likely to be influential on one’s identity than primary groups. Secondary relationships involve weak emotional ties and little personal knowledge of one another. In contrast to primary groups, secondary groups do not have the goal of maintaining and developing the relationships themselves. Secondary groups include groups in which one exchanges explicit commodities, such as labor for wages, services for payments, and such. They also include university classes, athletic teams, and groups of co-workers. Functions Since secondary groups are established to perform functions, people’s roles are more interchangeable. A secondary group is one you have chosen to be a part of. They are based on interests and activities. They are where many people can meet close friends or people, they would just call acquaintances. Secondary groups are also groups in which one exchanges explicit commodities, such as labor for wages, services for payments, etc. Examples of these would-be employment, vendor-to-client relationships, a doctor, a mechanic, an accountant, and such. A university class, an athletic team, and workers in an office all likely form secondary groups. Primary groups can form within secondary groups as relationships become more personal and closer.

2019, D. Mojica, BlogSpot, UCSP 4 – How is Society Organized

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

MA’AM Z

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IN-GROUPS AND OUT-GROUPS In-groups are social groups to which an individual feels he or she belongs, while an individual does not identify with the out-group.

Key Points. In- group favoritism refers to a preference and affinity for one’s in-group over the out-group, or anyone viewed as outside the in-group. One of the key determinants of group biases is the need to improve self-esteem. That is individuals will find a reason, no matter how insignificant, to prove to themselves why their group is superior. Intergroup aggression is any behavior intended to harm another person, because he or she is a member of an out-group, the behavior being viewed by its targets as undesirable. The out-group homogeneity effect is one’s perception of out-group members as more like one another than are in-group members (e.g., “they are alike; we are diverse”). Prejudice is a hostile or negative attitude toward people in a distinct group, based solely on their membership within that group. A stereotype is a generalization about a group of people in which identical characteristics are assigned to virtually all members of the group, regardless of actual variation among the members. Key Terms. In-group bias: It refers to a preference and affinity for one’s in-group over the out-group, or anyone viewed as outside the in-group. Intergroup aggression: It is any behavior intended to harm another person because he or she is a member of an out-group, the behavior being viewed by its targets as undesirable. In-group favoritism: It refers to a preference and affinity for one’s in-group over the out-group, or anyone viewed as outside the in-group. This can be expressed in evaluation of others, linking, allocation of resources and many other ways. 2019, D. Mojica, BlogSpot, UCSP 4 – How is Society Organized REFERENCE GROUPS Sociologists call any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior as a reference group.

Key Points. Social comparison theory argues that individuals use comparisons with others to gain accurate self-evaluations and learn how to define the self. A reference group is a concept referring to a group to which an individual or another group is compared. Reference groups provide the benchmarks and contrast needed for comparison and evaluation of group and personal characteristics. Robert K. Merton hypothesized that individuals compare themselves with reference groups of people who occupy the social role to which the individual aspires. Key Terms. self-identity: a multi-dimensional construct that refers to an individual’s perception of “self” in relation to any number of characteristics, such as academics and non-academics, gender roles and sexuality, racial identity, and many others. social role: it is a set of connected behaviors, rights, and obligations as conceptualized by actors in a social situation. UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

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5|Page reference group: it is a concept referring to a group to which an individual or another group is compared. Reference groups are used to evaluate and determine the nature of a given individual or other group’s characteristics and sociological attributes. It is the group to which the individual relates or aspires to relate himself or herself psychologically. Reference groups become the individual’s frame of reference and source for ordering his or her experiences, perceptions, cognition, and ideas of self. It is important for determining a person’s self-identity, attitudes, and social ties. These groups become the basis of reference in making comparisons or contrasts and in evaluating one’s appearance and performance.

SOCIAL NETWORKS A social network is a social structure between actors, connecting them through various social familiarities.

Key Points. The study of social networks is called both “social network analysis” and “social network theory “. Social network theory views social relationships in terms of nodes and ties. Nodes are the individual actors within the networks, and ties are the relationships between the actors. In sociology, social capital is the expected collective or economic benefits derived from the preferential treatment and cooperation between individuals and groups. The rule of 150 states that the size of a genuine social network is limited to about 150 members. The small world phenomenon is the hypothesis that the chain of social acquaintances required to connect one arbitrary person to another arbitrary person anywhere in the world is generally short. Milgram also identified the concept of the familiar stranger, or an individual who is recognized from regular activities, but with whom one does not interact. Milgram also identified the concept of the familiar stranger, or an individual who is recognized from regular activities, but with whom one does not interact. Key Terms. Node: They are the individual actors within the networks, and ties are the relationships between the actors. Social Capital: The good will, sympathy, and connections created by social interaction within and between social networks. 2019, D. Mojica, BlogSpot, UCSP 4 – How is Society Organized

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

MA’AM Z...