2 The Chemical Level Of Organization Review Guide V 2mw PDF

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Download 2 The Chemical Level Of Organization Review Guide V 2mw PDF

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The Chemical Level Of Organization Review Guide Name: _______________________________________________ Section: ________ Directions: You will learn best if you WRITE OUT THE QUESTI QUESTIONS ONS AND ANSWERS ON SEP SEPARA ARA ARATE TE SHEETS OF PA PAPER!!! PER!!! Drawing things out is a pr practice actice to help you llearn earn the concepts. 1. What are the 4 major elements found in the human body and what are their relative abundances? Oxygen-65% Carbon -18.6% Hydrogen-9.7% Nitrogen-3.2% 2. Compare and contrast a pure covalent bond with a polar covalent bond. a. Pure covalent bonds are when electrons are shared equally (similar elcotrnegtivity) b. Polar covalent bonds are when one ele,ent has a stronger bond than the other and pulls on the electron more. Ie: h2o bonds in water, the oxygen pulls the hydrogen bonds more from surrounding bonds, thus creating surface tension. 3. What does it mean if an element is diatomic? List the seven most common diatomic elements. Hint: NOFClBrI – What elements are each of these? a. Dianotic elements are\ i. Hydrogen ii. Nitogen iii. Oxygen iv. Fluorine v. Chlorine vi. Iodine vii. Bromine b. Elements cannot exist alone even when they are isolated from any other type of atom 4. Describe the process of hydrogen bonding and its importance in the interaction between molecules of water. Make sure to a address ddress the term surfac surface e tension and how surf surface ace tension relates to the lungs. a. Weakest bond done between oxygen and hydrogen, the interaction between the bonds oxygen attempts to take hydrogen from other bonds. Thus causing surface tension between the bonds. Without surface tension the alveoli in the lungs would collapse because they would pull towards each other and collapse, surfactant, which is made by the body, is used to prohibit the high surface tension. Pre mature babies born typlically cannot make their own surfactant so they give it to them after birth to help them get their lungs to try and support themselves. 5. Explain why when a person’s cells freeze, the damage is often irreversible. a. Damages caused by freezing a cell is irreversible bc cells can rupture 6. What is more important to a person’s survival; water or food? Explain!

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a. water is more important because it is constantly perpiring, the body needs to stay hydrated constantly for survival b. the boyd doesn’t have a reserve fuel of water unlike food c. DNA replication will stop List AND describe the four properties of water. a. Solubuilty- the ability for water to dissolve a solvent to make a solution, sugar water b. Reactivity- most reactions in the body use water c. Heat capacity- waters ability to retain and absorb hear, maintaining homeostasis. d. Lubrication- to moisten and reduce friction in joints What does it mean that water is dipolar? How about hydrogen bonds? How does this affect water’s interaction with other molecules in the human body? a. Hydrophilic = _?__ while hydrophobic = _?_ a. Hyrdophilic interacts with the water, philos=loving b. Hydrophobic does not react with water, phobos=fear List the major electrolytes found in the human body that are necessary for survival. What is the major organ responsible for electrolyte balance in the human body? a. Soduim, an inbalance can cause disrupt nerve conductions b. Potassium an imbalance can cause muscle cramps c. The major human organ that is responsible for electrolyte balance is the kidneys Define pH a. The measure of hydrogen ions on a scale 1-14 b. 1-6 is considered an acid c. 7 is netural d. 8-14 is considered a base e. The concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution Co mpare an acid and a base in as much detail as possible.

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An acid is a substance that releses hydrogen ion, can be sour and conduct electricity, has a ph lower than 7, high H+ concentration, low OH- concentration A base realses ions that can combine with hydrogen ions, can be bitter, has a ph high than 7, low H+ concentration, high OH- concentration

13. Describe the pH scale, making sure to use the term “inverse relationship.” a. More H+ ions means the lower pH b. Less H+ ions means high pH c. The inverse relationship comes from the H+ concentration 14. What is the typical pH range of blood and why is this important? a. The pH of blood is 7.35-7.45 because blood is a base 15. Compare and contrast acidosis and alkalosis. a. Acidosis is when the blood goes below the ser rate making it acidic b. Alkalosis is when the blood is over the given set rate also means in the condition of 16. Explain why a hydrogen ion can also be called a proton. a. Because It can lose an electron and still be a positive charge 17. In terms of chemistry, compare and contrast organic and inorganic compounds. a. Organic compounds have both C and H in their build. This is the basis of all life b. Inorganic compounds are everything else, either have one of the C or H not both 18. _?_ is the “backbone of life.” a. Carbon 19. How many bonds does carbon generally form? a. Two 20. Draw out the four major functional groups of organic compounds. 21. List the four major molecules of life. a. Carbohydrates b. Protiens

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c. Fats d. Nucleic acids Draw an example of a simple sugar. a. carbohydrate Compare and contrast monosaccharaides and disaccharides, while providing several examples of each. a. Monosaccharides are simple sugars with 3-7 carbon atoms. It creates Glucose which is GOLD to the body. Mono is one. Fructose, glucose, and galactose b. Disaccharides are two simple sugars condensed by dehydration, taking the water out, sucrose= glucose+fructose What exactly is glycogen? a. It is a chain of many simple sugars. Its considered a polysaccharides Explain the phrase, “Fat burns in a carbohydrate flame.” a. List AND describe the seven major protein functions. a. Support- structural protiens b. Movement- contractile protiens- muscules c. Transport- transport protiens d. Buffering- regulation of pH e. Coordination/ control- horomones f. Defense- antibody Draw AN AND D label a typical amino acid. Which “group” on the amino acid gives it an identity? a. With a drawing, compare and contrast the formation and breaking of a peptide bond. Make sure to include the terms dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis in your drawing. a. What two groups on an amino acid in your drawing from above interact when forming a peptide bond?? a. Compare and contrast primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary protein structure. a. Primary structure is a straight piptide bond with no twists and turns b. Secondary structure is a curly piptide bond with twists and turns c. Tertiary structure is a gobble of a piptide bond d. Quaternary structure is multipule piptide bonds together for larger molucules What exactly happens to a protein when it denatures? a. The protein breaks down and he polypeptide chains unfold, they break into smaller bonds. This happens under intense heat (steak) Describe in detail the characteristics of enzymes a. An enzyme is a particle that brings together the particles for a quicker reaction. It lowers the activation energy as well as does NOT stay with the particles after they have bonded. What is activation energy? Draw a graph showing how enzymes decrease activation energy. a. Activation energy is the energy needed for a reaction to occur. b. Enzymes decreases because of the little pockets they have at the top called activation site. It brings the particles together closer for them to react faster. Use a drawing to compare and contrast an endergonic and exergonic reaction. a. Endergonic energy uses more energy for the reaction than it gives b. Exergonic energy gives back more energy for the reaction than it uses Where might you find glycoproteins and proteoglycans? In short, what are lipids? What are the five major classes of lipids discussed in class? a. Lipids are fats i. Fatty acid ii. Icosaniods

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iii. Glycerides iv. Steroids v. Phospholipids and glyolipids How do a saturated and an unsaturated fatty acid differ? a. Saturated fatty acid is full with a carbon backbone bonded with hydrogen. It is considered a bad fat and can deposit b. Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds and are considered good fats List AND describe some important eicosanoids. a. They are fatty acids dervived from arachidonic acids. Cell membrane and inflammation i. Leukotrienes – active in immune systems and inflammation ii. Prostaglandins- local horomones, different than reg horomones they stay in the same area. Hormones travel to diff parts of the body Draw a typical triglyceride. What types of foods is this lipid found in? List AND describe some important steroids. a. 4 diff carbon rings i. Bile salts- derived from steroids ii. Estrogens and testosterone- sex hormones iii. Cholesterol- component of cell membrane iv. Corticosteroids and calcitrol- metabolic reg Explain the importance of phospholipids in the cell membrane (plasma membrane). Compare and contrast DNA and RNA. a. DNA decides the inherited characteristics, protein synthesis, controls the enzyme production, and controls metabolism b. RNA is the codes intermediate steps in protein synthesis Draw AN AND D label a typical nucleotide. What are the base differences between DNA and RNA? What are the three major forms of RNA? a. Messenger (mRNA) carries the coded message during the process b. Transfer (tRNA) deliver the correct amino acid called for by each codon c. Ribosomal (rRNA) adapts that enables ribosome to read the mRNA message correctly to get the translation right...