2021-Health withour border-Exam1-notes PDF

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IDS 3183 Exam 1 Quiz 1 1. Which one of the following resources should you use if you encounter a CANVAS/technical question? Click on the "Technical Support" link on the course menu 2. Which of the following items can be found in your course syllabus? All of the above 3. FIU Online Support Services can be contacted via: All of the above 4. CANVAS will automatically save your answers and submit your test when the time has expired. True 5. Following topics are covered in which semester week. Ethics and human rights and Health care systems around the world Week 4 6. Please check the grading scheme in the syllabus. Assume a student score is the following. Based on the weight of the each assignments what will be the final grade of the student? 81% 7. To ensure that your computer is compatible with CANVAS and meets the minimum hardware requirements, you should take the Practice Quiz before taking each graded quiz, especially if you are using a different computer. True 8. Which of the following is Module 3 learning objective? All of the above 9. Health without Border, IDS 3183 is a Global Learning and Foundational Core Curriculum course. True 10. Which of the following research paper is a required reading in the first week? Koplan, J. P., Bond, T. C., Merson, M. H., Reddy, K. S., Rodriguez, M. H., Sewankambo, N. K., & Consortium of Universities for Global Health Executive Board. (2009). Towards a common definition of global health. The Lancet, 373(9679), 1993-1995. Quiz 2 1. An example of the recent geographic spread of a communicable disease includes: Chikungunya 2. Important progress in health has resulted from: All of these are correct 3. Planetary health or one health refers to: An approach to public health that focuses on the interconnectedness of human health, animal health, and the environment 4. The best description below of the focus of public health is:

Preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical health through organized community effort 5. The only human disease ever eradicated was: Small pox 6. The Sustainable Development Goals Include a range of goals and targets that relate to health 7. Which example of a health issue would require the most intersectoral collaboration to address? Reduction of tobacco consumption 8. Which of the following is an example of a public health approach? A large-scale program to help a community to stay active 9. Which statement least reflects a global health concern? The achievement of greater health equity in an individual country 10. An example of primary prevention is: Vaccination 11. Children are likely to be healthier in a country in which: The government makes education, including for girls, a national priority 12. Disability refers to: Temporary or long-term reduction in a person's ability to function 13. Environmental determinants of health would include: Access to safe drinking water 14. Life expectancy at birth is: How long people born today are expected to live, given continuation of existing mortality trends 15. Some inborn determinants of health include: Both genetic make-up and age 16. The best definition of a noncommunicable disease is: A disease that is not caused by an infectious agent 17. The neonatal mortality rate is: The number of children under 28 days of age, who die for every 1,000 live births 18. What is a determinant of health? The range of personal, social, economic and environmental factors which determine the health status of individuals or populations 19. Examples of countries that in the last 50 years achieved substantially better levels of population health than one might have predicted by their income level, include Cuba, Costa Rica, and China 20. An example of primary prevention is: Vaccination

Quiz 3 1. You have been assigned the topic "Tuberculosis in South America." Since this is a very general topic, you decide to choose a subtopic to find articles in databases. Which of the following is a potential subtopic based on the assigned topic? Treatment of Tuberculosis in Peru

2. You decide to choose the subtopic "treatment of tuberculosis in Peru." Of the following choices, which are the best keywords for this subtopic? Note: for best results in the databases with your own (sub)topic, aim for 2 to 4 keywords. Treatment, tuberculosis, Peru 3. You decide to add related terms to some of your keywords to get even more search results in the databases. Which of the following related terms could you use for the subtopic "treatment of tuberculosis in Peru?" Treatment, Drug Therapy 4. Which Boolean operator would you use to connect your related terms? OR 5. Which Boolean operator would you use to connect your independent (non-related) keywords, if you want all of them to appear in the same article? AND 6. Which symbol(s) would you use to keep words in phrases together? Use drug therapy as an example. Quotation Marks: "Drug Therapy" 7. Which symbol(s) would you use to "fill in the blank" at the end of a word? Use treatment as an example. You want to also find articles that include the word treatments. Asterisk: Treatment* 8. Using Boolean operators and symbols, which of the following search phrases could you use for the subtopic "treatment of tuberculosis in Peru?" (Treatment* OR "Drug Therapy") AND Tuberculosis AND Peru 9. Can librarians can help you develop your own search phrase? Yes! Ask for assistance on the library website's chat (library.fiu.edu), visit the 2nd floor Information & Research Services Desk at the Green Library or the Hubert Library, or contact your librarian directly. Quiz 4 1. In general, clinical trials of a drug on human subjects require that the "control group" for the trial receive at least: The best proven drug for the condition for which the trial is being conducted 2. It is important in human subject research to allow participants to: All of these are correct 3. The cornerstone of human rights is the: The International Bill of Human Rights 4. The Declaration of Helsinki says that anyone participating in human subject research must provide the following: Voluntary, informed consent 5. The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights says that people are entitled to: The highest attainable standard of physical and mental well-being 6. The key principles for making ethical choices about distributing scarce resources for health include:

Health maximization, equity, extra priority to the worse off, personal responsibility 7. The major principle(s) of the Belmont Commission Report include: Respect for persons, Beneficence, and Justice 8. "The rights-based approach to health" suggests that: All of these are correct 9. When conducting subject selection in human subject research: Participants should be chosen so the burdens and benefits of the research are shared equitably 10. Which of the following would raise the most challenging human rights issue related to HIV? Mandatory notification of the sexual partners of people who test positive for HIV Quiz 5 1. Financial protection is: Financing health care in a way that does not deny access to health services because of financial constraints on the part of the patient

2. In a low-income country, the first level at which one could receive emergency obstetric care would generally be: Secondary

3. In many traditional societies, people seek initial health care from: All of these are correct

4. Primary care is: Health services at the first point of contact, intended to provide basic and referral care

5. Stewardship of the health system refers to: How it is governed

6. The fundamental question(s) for universal health coverage is/are: Who to cover, what to cover, and what share of costs should be covered

7. The health system of England can best be described as: A national health service

8. The health system of India can best be described as: Pluralistic

9. Total expenditure on health as a share of GDP is highest in: United States

10. Universal health coverage refers to: Providing universal access to a health system, linked with a program for financial protection

11. A conditional cash transfer is: A cash payment to someone, provided they have engaged in certain agreed health behaviors

12. An example of "Western" biomedicine is: The use of antibiotics for treating a health condition

13. A number of countries have well defined indigenous systems of medicine including: China

14. Cultural competence refers to:

One's ability to work effectively with people of different cultures

15. Culture refers to: The entire set of beliefs, art, law, music and customs shared by members of a society

16. Ethnocentrism refers to: Viewing a society through own's own beliefs

17. Health providers include: All of these are correct

18. In some traditional cultures, people might believe that disease is caused by: All of these are correct

19. In traditional societies, who often needs to be "brought on board" if behavior change for better health is to occur? All of these are correct

20. Taking an "ecological perspective" to behavior change requires you to: Consider multiple levels of influence on behavior and the social environment

Week 2 – Principles of Global Health, Global Burden of Diseases Chapter 1 - The Principles and Goals of Global Health Why study global health? To understand - The progress that has already been made - The challenges that still remain - That diseases are not limited by national boundaries - That there are disparities among groups - The health-development link - The need for different actors to work together

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Critical Global Health Concepts Determinants of health Key risk factors for different health conditions Global burden of disease Measurement of health status Importance of culture to health Demographic and epidemiologic transitions Organization and function of health systems Links among health, education, poverty, and equity

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Key Issues in Global Health Environmental health Nutrition Women’s health and reproductive health Child and adolescent health Communicable diseases Noncommunicable diseases Injuries

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Key Terms World Bank Country Income Groups Low-income :$995 or less Lower middle-income :$996 to $3,895 Upper middle-income :$3,896 to $12,055 High-income : $12,056 or more Based on gross national income per person

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Sustainable Development Goals Formulated in 2015 17 SDGs Countries that signed pledged to meet goals by 2030 All relate to health, whether directly or indirectly

Central Messages of the Book - Strong links among health, human development, labor productivity, and economic development - Health status determined by variety of factors - Enormous progress in improving health status over last 50 years - Much progress is the result of public hygiene, better water and sanitation, and better education - Enormous disparities in health status and access to health services within and across countries - Countries do not need to be high-income to enjoy good health status - When considering health policy, one must ask, “if I only had $100 to spend, how should I spend it to achieve the maximum health gains for the key groups, at least cost?” - Burden of disease is evolving in light of economic and social changes, aging populations, and scientific and technical progress - Some issues can only be solved through cooperation - Each of us should be concerned with the health of others for humanitarian, health, and security reasons - People and communities have the ability to enhance their own health status - Low-income countries should focus on “...burying old people, instead of young people, making the transition as fast as possible, and doing so at least cost” - The health goals for all countries are to enable their people, at least cost and in fairly distributed ways, to enjoy the maximum possible health Chapter 2 – Health Determinants, Measurements and Health Status The Importance of Measuring Health Status In order to address global health issues, we must understand: - The factors that influence health status most - The indicators used to measure health status - The key trends in health status that have occurred historically Key Health Indicators Terms - Morbidity—sickness or any departure, subjective or objective, from a psychological or physiological state of well-being - Mortality—death - Disability—temporary or long-term reduction in a person’s capacity to function - Prevalence—number of people suffering from a certain health condition over a specified period - Incidence—the rate at which new cases of a disease occur in a population

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Primary prevention – intervening before health effects occur Secondary prevention – screening to identify disease before the onset of signs and symptoms Tertiary prevention – managing disease post diagnosis or stopping disease progression Communicable diseases—illnesses caused by a particular infectious agent that spreads directly or indirectly from people to people, animals to people, or people to animals; also called infectious diseases Noncommunicable diseases—illnesses not spread by an infectious agent Injuries—include road traffic injuries, falls, self-inflicted injuries, and violence, among other things

Determinants of Health - The interconnected factors that determine an individual’s health status - Determinants include personal and inborn features, socioeconomic status, culture, environment, educational attainment, health behaviors, childhood development, access to care, and government policy - Increasing attention is being paid to the social determinants of health

Health status indicators are critical for: - Determining the causes of morbidity, disability, and death - Carrying out disease surveillance - Making comparisons about health within and across countries Thus, it is important to use a consistent set of health indicators

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Vital Registration Vital registration systems record births, deaths, and causes of death An accurate system is key to having quality data on a population Many low- and middle-income countries lack a vital registration system Often there are cultural barriers to timely vital registration

Main Messages - Understanding global health issues requires understanding the determinants of health - Determinants of health include: country income group, education, nutritional status, socioeconomic status, age, and sex. - Health data is used to measure health status, carry out disease surveillance, make decisions about health investments, and assess health program performance - SSA and SA have the lowest health status

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SSA has a unique profile of young child deaths: risks are equally spread across neonates, children, and adolescents In high-income countries, the majority of child deaths are among neonates and related to neonatal conditions There are substantial disparities between the better off and the worse off regions and income groups

Chapter 3 – Global Burden of Disease Measuring the Burden of Disease - Attempt to construct a single indicator to compare how far countries are from the state of good health - This index would take into account of morbidity, mortality, and disability; calculate by age, gender, and region; allow comparison across regions - This index would measure what is referred to as the burden of disease - Health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE) – number of years a person of a given age can expect to live in good health, taking account of mortality and disability - Calculated by weighting the number of years of ill health according to severity, subtracted from the overall life expectancy - Examples: 64.7/57.2 for males in Ethiopia, 78.8/68.9 for males in Denmark - Disability-adjusted life year (DALY) – the sum of years lost due to premature death and years lived with disability (YLDs) - Calculated by subtracting the age at which one dies and one’s life expectancy at that age - Example: If a newborn in Liberia were to die, that newborn would have suffered 87 years of life lost due to premature death Burden of Disease Data Overview of Patterns and Trends in the Burden of Disease - People are living longer in much of the world - Globally, women live 5 years longer than men - In the last 4 decades, there have been significant declines in communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional causes of death - Mortality rates have decreased, particularly for children under-5 Key Human Research Cases - Rate of mortality decrease differs by country - Years of life lost due to premature death are increasing for diabetes, some cancers, drug use disorders, conflict, and terrorism - Burden of disease is predominantly noncommunicable - With increased life expectancy and declining death rates, there is an increase in the number of years people live with disability

Leading Causes of Deaths and DALYs - Low-income countries have a unique pattern of deaths and DALYs, dominated by Group 1 causes - Most of the country income groups of DALYs attributable to lower back and neck pain, sense organ disease, skin diseases, and depressive disorders Causes of Death by Sex - Although ischemic heart disease and stroke are leading causes of death for females, global health literature focuses on reproductive health

Burden of Deaths and Disease Within Countries - Rural populations are less healthy than urban populations - Disadvantaged ethnic minorities are less healthy than majority population - Females suffer from a number of conditions related to their relatively disadvantaged social positions

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Poor people are less healthy than wealthier people Uneducated people will be less health than those better-educated

Demography and Health - Population growth - Population aging - Urbanization - Demographic divide - Demographic transition Population Growth - Global population estimate was 7.6 billion in 2018 - Estimated global population in 2050 is 9.9 billion - Majority of growth will occur in low- and middle-income countries, especially SSA - High-income countries are below replacement fertility Population Aging - Elderly support ratio – ratio between the number of people aged 15 to 64 years, compared to the number of people over 65 - Aging population and shift in the elderly support ratio has profound implications for:– o the burden of disease o health expenditures o how health care will be financed Urbanization - The majority of the global population lives in urban areas - Urbanization puts pressure on urban infrastructure, such as water and sanitation, schools, and health services - Gaps in infrastructure can have substantial negative consequences for health The Demographic Divide - Highest-income countries have low fertility, declining populations, and aging populations - Lowest-income countries have high-fertility, although it is slowly declining The Demographic Transition - Shift in pattern of high fertility and high mortality to low fertility and low mortality, with population growth in between - Decline in mortality with improved hygiene and nutrition, followed by decline in fertility The Epidemiologic Transition - First, high and fluctuating mortality, related to poor health conditions, epidemics, and famine - Then, progressive decline in mortality as epidemics become less frequent - Finally, further declines in mortality, increases in life expectancy, and the predominance of noncommunicable diseases

Progress in Health Status - Factors that lead to improvements in health are complex, they include: nutrition, education, political stability, and scientific improvements Burden of Disease: Looking Forward - Burden of disease will be influenced by changing factors, some of which will relate to the determinants of health - Other drivers will include: o Economic development o Scientific and technological change o Climate change o Political stability o Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases Development Challenge of Improving Health...