2.1 Disciplines of OB - nil PDF

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Subject

Commerce

Paper No and Title

1: Management Concepts & Organizational Behaviour

Module No and Title

10: Contributing Disciplines to OB

Module Tag

COM_P1_M10

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PAPER No.1: MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS AND ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR MODULE No.10: CONTRIBUTING DISCIPLINES TO OB

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TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Learning Outcomes 2. Introductions 3. Contributing disciplines to organisational behaviour a. Psychology b. Sociology: c. Social psychology d. Anthropology e. Political sciences f. Economics g. Medicine 4. Summary

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PAPER No.1: MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS AND ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR MODULE No.10: CONTRIBUTING DISCIPLINES TO OB

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1. Learning Outcomes

After studying the contributions of various fields of behavioural sciences towards organizational behaviour, the students may be able to: 1. Analyse the role of Psychology and Social Psychology in predicting the individual behaviour and its impact on improving individual and organizational performance. 2. Apply sociological concepts in understanding the group dynamics and its functioning and its effect on organizational effectiveness. 3. Interpret the Organizational culture from anthropological perspectives and apply its methodology to understand the formation of organizational culture and its development. 4. Understand the contributions of political science to study the dynamics of power bases, formation of conflicts and conflict resolutions strategies etc. 5. Understand the design of organizational structure by using the concepts of economics and apply medicinal concepts for the wellbeing of individual and organisation.

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PAPER No.1: MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS AND ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR MODULE No.10: CONTRIBUTING DISCIPLINES TO OB

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2. Introduction Organizational behavior (OB) refers to the study of human behaviour in organisational settings. Since, organisation influences an individual and is influenced by the individual; one cannot study individual behaviour in isolation. Thus, Stephen P Robins defines ‘OB is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structure have on behavior within an organization, and then applies that knowledge for organisational betterment.’ People do not work in isolation. When they join an organisation, they come in contact with other people and the organisation. When come in contact with managers, colleagues, organisational policies, formal structure with their prior experience, values, culture etc., they change. The organisation is also affected by their presence, and eventual absence, of the individual. Hence, the study of organisational behaviour should consider the ways in which the individual and the organisation interact. OB can be defined is an applied behavioural science which is developed from contributions from a number of behavioural disciplines such as Sociology, Psychology anthropology, social psychology, and political science. These are the predominant areas. Each of these disciplines is said to be concerned with human behaviour and nature, there are only few commonly accepted theories between them The behavioural scientists are in the process of continuous research to enhance the predictability of behaviour. People and environments tends to change, their work majorly focuses to know how most people will tend to behave in a given set of circumstances and conditions. A different methodology is applied by each discipline to the prediction problem, and each helps managers with insight into such important areas as individual differences, cultural influences, motivation and organisational design.

3. CONTRIBUTING DISCIPLINES TO ORGANISATINAL BEHAVIOUR 3.1 Psychology Psychology is a science of individual behaviour. The term ‘psychology’ is derived from the Greek word ‘psyche’, which means ‘soul’ or ‘spirit’. It has the maximum influence on the field of organizational behaviour. Almost all aspects of behaviour are studied by psychologist. Psychologists are predicting the behaviour of individuals to great extent by observing the interrelationship of personal, environmental and situational factors learning theorists, personality theorists, counseling psychologists and most important, industrial

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PAPER No.1: MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS AND ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR MODULE No.10: CONTRIBUTING DISCIPLINES TO OB

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and organizational psychologist are the people who have contributed and continue to enhance the knowledge of OB. Areas of interest in the field of psychology are: General Psychology Industrial Psychology Experimental Psychology Clinical Psychology Consumer Psychology Personality Psychology Counseling Psychology Educational Psychology Understanding Psychological principles help significantly in gaining the knowledge of determinants of behaviour are attitude, motivation, learning, training process, leadership determinants of individual behaviour. The major areas researched to understand the effectiveness, job satisfaction, emotions, individual decision making, performance appraisal, attitude measurement, employee selection, job design and work stress. Improvement in personal skill, changes in attitude and development positive approach to organizational systems can be made if study is conducted in these areas. If one want to improve the behaviour of an individual on group we have to look into the psychological needs of an individual and group. Hence the knowledge of psychology can really help in modifying and improving the behavior of individual and group. If the psychological satisfaction is given to the people if the Psychological needs are fulfilled and also give peace of mind, which can improve the ability of an organization A number of psychological tests are conducted in the organizations for selection of employees, measuring personality attributes and aptitude. A number of other dimensions human personality are also measured. The instruments used are scientific and are finalized after a lot of research. The most important attributes of psychology includes the emphasis on the scientific study of behavior. Psychologists understand behaviour on the basis of demonstrable, rational cause-effect relationships. Motivation and learning are the main focus of psychology, there immediate applications to the organizational behavior are numerous and widespread. 3.2 Sociology: Sociology is the study of social behaviour and relationship among social groups and societies, and the maintenance of social order. The major focus of sociologists is on studying the social systems in which individuals fill their roles. The focus of attention is centered on group dynamics. Sociological concepts, theories, models and techniques help significantly to study group behaviour in organisations, group dynamics, design of work teams, organisational culture, formal organisational theory and structure, organisational technology, communications, power and conflict.

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PAPER No.1: MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS AND ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR MODULE No.10: CONTRIBUTING DISCIPLINES TO OB

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Sociology deals with the following: 1. Human interaction and this interaction is the key influencing factor among people in social settings. 2. Study of plural behaviour. Plurality pattern of behaviour can be defined as two or more interacting persons constitute a plural behavior. 3. The systematic study of social systems. A social system is an operational social unit that is structured to serve a purpose. Thus, sociologist viewed organizations as consists of a variety of people with different roles, status and degree of authority. 3.3 Social Psychology The study of human behaviour in the context of social situations can be defined as social psychology. The behavioral patterns that take place when an individual takes part in a group are studied. It mixes concepts from sociology and psychology and it determines the focus of individuals on one another. Social psychology is social can be determined from the f that it deals with how people are affected by other people who are actually physically present or who are imagined to be present or even whose presence is implied. In general, sociology focuses on how organizations, social categories, groups and societies are organized, how they function and change. The unit of analysis is the group as a whole rather than the individuals who compose the group. Social Psychology deals with many of the same phenomenal but seeks to explain whole individual human interaction and human cognition influences culture and is influenced by culture. The unit of analysis is the individual within the group. In reality, some forms of sociology are closely related to social psychology. Social Psychologists take up study of wide range of subjects range of topics including prejudice, inter-group behavior, discrimination, stereotyping, sexism and racism, small groups, social categories, crowd behavior, social conflict, social change, decision making conformity, persuasion, power, influence, obedience, etc. Among them the most critical topics relevant to organizational behavior field are behavioral change, attitude change, communication, group process and group decision making. It basically concern with how to implement something and how to reduce barriers to its acceptance. 3.4 Anthropology It is the study of societies to learn about human beings and their activities. It is concerned with the interactions between people and their environments, especially their cultural environment. Culture is a major influence on the structure of organisations as well as on the behaviour of people within organisations. The way in which people view environment is a part of culture. Culture includes all ideas which are shared by groups of individuals

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PAPER No.1: MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS AND ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR MODULE No.10: CONTRIBUTING DISCIPLINES TO OB

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and languages by which these ideas are communicated. Hence, culture can be defined as a system of learned behavior. The study on environment and culture helps us to know differences in basic and important attitudes, values, and behaviour between people in different countries and organisations.

The world has numerous number of anthropologists, and human should be studied in a natural habitat. Knowing the importance of studying man in natural settings over time enables one to grasp the range of anthropology. They contribute to study the given aspects in organizational settings – comparative attitudes, comparative values and crosscultural analysis between or among the employees. 3.5 Political Sciences: Contributions of political scientist are significant to the understanding of behavior in organizations. Political scientists understand the individual behavior and group’s behavior in a political environment. Their contribution lies in understanding the dynamics of power structuring of conflict and conflict resolutions tactics, power centers, allocation of power and how people manipulate power for individual self interest.

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PAPER No.1: MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS AND ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR MODULE No.10: CONTRIBUTING DISCIPLINES TO OB

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In a business field, theme of interest to political scientists include how and why people acquire power, political behaviour, decision-making, conflict, the behaviour of interest groups, and coalition formation. The knowledge of political science can be utilized to the study the behavior of employees, executives at micro as well as macro level. 3.6 Economics Economists study the distribution, consumption, and production of goods and services. Economics contributes to the behavior of organization by designing the organizational structure. Organization and its structure is influenced by transaction cost economics. The

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PAPER No.1: MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS AND ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR MODULE No.10: CONTRIBUTING DISCIPLINES TO OB

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costs components which makes an exchange on the market is known as transaction cost economics. It identifies the extent to which the organization structure and size varies in result to attempts to avoid market failures through lowering production and transaction costs within the limits of human and environmental factors.

Economic Pressures determine the suitable structure either through markets, hybrid network structures or hierarchy to organise transactions effectively. A firm can be deselected from the market if there failure to organize in the best way possible. The environment are dynamic, organization must respond to change its structure. Shifts from large firm hierarchies to networks or to market relations are in terms of changing conditions of the economising function. Labour market dynamics, productivity, human resource planning and forecasting, and cost-benefit analysis are the common interests shared by economist. 3.7 Medicine

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PAPER No.1: MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS AND ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR MODULE No.10: CONTRIBUTING DISCIPLINES TO OB

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Medicine is the applied science of healing or treatment of diseases to enhance an individual's health and well-being. It has come into play in connection with the study of human behaviour at work, specifically in the study of stress. Behaviour of individual and lifestyle patterns play an important role in treating chronic diseases than treating acute diseases.

These trends have contributed to the growth of wellness programmes in the context of corporate medicine. These programmes have led to the increasing attention to medicine in organisational behaviour. Increasingly, research is showing that controlling the causes and consequences of stress in and out of organisational settings is important for the wellbeing of the individual as well as the organisation.

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PAPER No.1: MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS AND ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR MODULE No.10: CONTRIBUTING DISCIPLINES TO OB

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Summary The behavioral sciences have a significant impact on the field of organizational behavior. Contemporary organisational behaviour has an interdisciplinary focus. It draws a reference from other fields and attempts to describe behaviour. Behavioural science provides a systematic base of theories and theory building to explain behavior and gives an empirical support to study individuals, group, and organization. Effort are made for the communication of theories, ideas and research to managers who are practicing.

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PAPER No.1: MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS AND ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR MODULE No.10: CONTRIBUTING DISCIPLINES TO OB...