211and212topics-oralexam(vseborec PDF

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211 AND 212 TOPICS FOR ORAL EXAM UNIT 1 – PRESENTATIONS Presentation: a prepared talk about a particular subject - Less formal report to others about 3 minutes - More formal speech to others about 45 minutes - To stimulate interest, to provoke discussion, to gain support or to give info is a prepared talk about a particular subject

is informal (to colleagues), formal (conference), semiformal is given: to train people to stimulate interest in a subject to provoke discussion to gain support to give intormation some skills needed for an effective presentation Structure of presentation 1. Introduction 1. Greeting/welcome 2. Introducing myslef 3. Introducing the topic 4. Explaining the purpose 5. Saying why the topic is relevant 6. Going over the structure 2.

Structure

3.

Main body 1. Signposting 2. Developing the topic 3. Focusing attention 4. Referring to visuals 5. Asking for contributions

4.

Conclusion 1. Signalling the end 2. Summarising 3. Inviting questions

5.

Questions

Common mistakes in presentation a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h.

Overcrowding text Being too verbose (long-winded) Using ineffective visuals Ignoring your audience – you don´t know who they are, whether specialists or non-specialists, whether they are big or small group Showing lack of dynamism, avoiding eye contact, bad body language, speaking incoherently Problems with the equipment, not familiar with the equipment Using inappropriate content Not prepared enough

Presentation styles 1. A sales representative presenting a product to a potential customer. Relatively formal, persuasive – trying to highlight the advantages of the product and its benefits for the customer, not using specialized vocabulary or explaining any necessary terminology in a comprehensible way 2. An academic presenting his/her research project at a conference. Specialized language – professional audience will probably be familiar with many of the concepts and with at least some of the specialized terminology, relatively formal 3. An engineer from R&D presenting an idea for a new hi-tech product to senior management. Could be relatively formal or semi-formal, presenting to a non-specialist audience (the management is probably not familiar with the technical details) so it is necessary to be able to explain technical issues in lay (=laický) terms 4. A salesperson presenting the latest figures for their region at a sales team meeting. Could be informal and friendly, maybe including some jokes, everyone is probably familiar with the jargon, the aim is to inform 5. An HR director presenting a new strategy at a meeting for HR managers from 20 different subsidiaries. Probably relatively formal, should be persuasive and should probably also motivate to embrace the changes 6. A university student presenting his/her paper to a class of other students attending the same course. Semi-formal to formal, presenting to a familiar audience in a familiar environment (it might be possible to predict some reactions, prepare for limitations imposed by the space, etc.), the function is to inform in a comprehensible way (the presenter probably knows which terms and concepts other students are familiar with and which need to be explained)

Style Formal style Longer sentences. More complex sentences. More impersonal (passives). Formal vocabulary and expressions. More precise. ___________________________________ Longer words (often Latin origin). No phrasal verbs.

Less formal style Shorter sentences. Simpler sentences. More personal (I, you). Informal and colloquial (=hovorový) expressions. Less precise (=přesný). ____________________________________ Shorter words (often Germanic origin). Phrasal verbs.

What equipment might people use when giving a presentation? Laptop Microphone Projector Overhead projector (OHP) Laser pointer Remote control Flipchart Whiteboard Handout / photocopy Marker What are the advanatages and disadvantages of using technology? Advantages  Presentation more enjoyable and informative  Pictures, graphs, tables, etc. provide additional information  Presentation more attractive, interesting, easier to follow  Using microphone – for a very large audience

Disadvantages    

Technical problems PowerPoint presentation – impossible Time can be lost trying to fix it Microphone does not work – people are not able to hear  Room is important – comfortable seats and blinds or curtains  Missing batteries

UNIT 2 – MANAGEMENT AND MOTIVATION - a group of people that lead a company - The activity of managers when leading a company

Titles common in the USA  CEO = Chief Executive Officer  CFO = Chief Financial Officer  COO = Chief Operating Officer  CMO = Chief Marekting Officer  Vice President of something Titles common in the UK  Managing director  Financial director  Marketing director  Operations director What can motive you to keep working? a) Adequate remuneration (salary, wages, commisions, …) b) Job security c) Good working conditions (enough space, light, …) d) Chance for promotion e) Having interesting and challenging work f) Respect and recognition for the work you have done g) Bonuses h) Long holidays/vacations i) Having employee benefits (vouchers, a company mobile phone/car, …)

Top-level

Middle-level

Lower-level

4. They check whether major organisational objectives have been met. 5. They make decisions about the overal direction of the company. 7. They are not involved in the day-to-day running of the company.

2. They have to liaise with other managers at the same level and at higher and lower levels. 3. They execute the overall goals of the company. 6. They set objectives for their departments.

1.They work closely with the workforce. 8. They assign tasks to individual employees and supervise their day-to-day work. 9. They ensure that employees are meeting their performance goals.

     

Manager manages and leads a company focuses on goals, personnel keeps the organization functioning is task-oriented avoids risks appeals to people´s heads

     

Leader manages and leads a company focuses on goals, personnel keeps the organization functioning is task-oriented avoids risks appeals to people´s heads

Functional structure

Advantages      

Disadvantages

one person or a group of people at the top an increasing number of people below them at each successive level there is a clear line or chain of command running down the pyramid all the people know what decisions they can make all the people know who their boss is, to whom to report all the people know who their immediate subordinates are, to whom they can give instructions





departments are concentrated more on their own success, not on the success of the whole company departments or divisions do not communicate or collaborate much with each other

Teamwork Advantages     

Focus on particular products, problems or customers Gain more power to run their own affairs Spend more time working with each other rather than reporting upwards Provide insight, creativity and knowledge Networks of teams replaces the conventional hierarchy

Disadvantages      

Poor decision-making, confusion, delay Problems of co-ordination and motivation weakens the benefits of collaboration High-flyers may be undervalued Free-riders empowered Groupthink is unavoidable Difficult to define a team´s membership and its purpose

. What benefits can teamwork bring? What problems can it bring? Benefits: Teams may provide insight, creativity and knowledge in a way that a person working independently cannot. Problems: Teamwork may lead to confusion, delay and poor decision-making due to groupthink. There might be problems of co-ordination and motivation. High-flyers forced to work in teams may be undervalued and freeriders empowered. . Should all companies use teamwork? Why/not? No.  Teams are not always the best way how to get the job done.  Slackly managed teams can become sources of distraction – employees routinely complain that they can ´t get their work done because they are forced to spend too much time in meetings or have to work in noisy offices.  Even in the age of open-plan offices and social networks some work is best left to the individual.

UNIT 3 – CROSS CULTURAL COMMUNICATION

   

Search to understand how people from different countries and cultures communicate and perceive the world around them Important to companies due to the growth of global business and technology Different in areas like customs, behaviour, etiquette, norms, values and non-verbal communication Understanding and appreciating intercultural differences  clearer communication, breaks down barriers builds trust, …

Cross-cultural differences:  in customs  in behaviour  in etiquette  in norms  in values  in non-verbal communication (body language) Understanding cross-cultural differences:  brings clearer communication  breaks down barriers  builds trust  strengthens relationships  brings tangible results in business negotiations Geert Hofstede – a Dutch professor conducted a study about cultural differences:  how they influence the workplace  research performed in the 1970s  large database of employees collected by IBM  covers 74 countries and regions The outcome of his research is a model of four cultural dimensions Hofstede’s cultural dimensions – understanding values around the world  It’s essential to understand cultural differences  Geert Hofstede – the Dutch professor  It covers 74 countries and regions

1.

(PDI) Power Distance Index: Large versus small power distance  Refers to the degree of inequality between people with and without power (High) Large power distance in PDI: Malaysia, Mexico, China  people accept an unequal hierarchical distribution of power  they understand „their place“ in the system  having a high regard for the authority  prefering hierarchical bureaucracies and strong leaders  subordinates are not given important work  Be aware the you may need to go to the top for answers 1. 2. 3.

Acknowledge a leader´s power Important decisions made by the highest management Everyone knows their place

(Low) Small power distance in PDI: Austria, Israel, Denmark  power is shared and is widely dispersed  society does not accept situations where power is distributed unequally  people have their own responisbility and autonomy  subordinates treated with respect 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

2.

Use teamwork Involve as many people as possible in decision-making No problems in cooperating No problems in expressing their opinions Shouldn´t be afraid to offend someone

(IDV) Individualism Index: Individualism versus collectivism  Refers to the strength of the ties that people have to others within their community (High) Individualism: USA, Australia, UK

   

People také less responsibility Free will is highly valued Weak interpersonal connection personal achievements 1. 2.

(Low)

Acknowledge accomplishments Encourage debate and the expression of people´s own ideas

Collectivism: Venezuela, South Korea, Thailand  Personal needs are less important  People are supposed to be loyal to the group to which they belong  people take a care and responsibility for one another’s wellbeing  group will defend them 1. Supress feelings and emotions to work in harmony 2. Respect traditions and introduce change slowly

3.

1. 2.

1. 2. 4.

Uncertainty Avoidance Index: Uncertainty avoidance versus uncertainty acceptance  Deals with society’s tolerance for uncertainty (High) Uncertainty avoidance: Greece, Portugal, Belgium People avoid • unclear situations • uncertainty=a threat • calculated (planned) risks People like • rules and order Plan and prepare, communicate often and early, provide detailed plans, and focus on the tactical aspects of a job or project Be clear and brief about your expectations and parameters (Low) Uncertainty acceptance: Singapore, Jamaica, Denmark  People enjoy novel events, value differences  People relaxed and open to the new things  discover their own truths  Happy to change jobs Minimise your emotional response by being calm and contemplating situations before speaking Do not impose rules or structure unnecessarily Masculinity Index: Masculinity versus Femininity  Shows wheter a society prefers achievement and heroism (masculine attributes) or wheter it more values cooperation, modesty and caring for the weak (feminine attributes) Masculine societies: Japan, Hungary, Italy  achievement and heroism  competitiveness  Men should be assertive and tough  Women should be focused on the quality of life  „live to work“ Long work hours, less holidays 1. Be aware thet people may expect male and female roles to be distinct 2. Advise men to avoid discussing emotions or making emotionally based decisions or arguments Feminine societis: Sweden, Norways, THE Netherland  building relationships and quality of life  Women and men are working together equally across many professions  Men are allowed to be sensitive  Women can work hard  „work to live“ Longer holidays, flexible working hours 1. Treat men and women equally 2. Ensure job design and practices are not discriminatory to either gender

Noun

Verb

Adjective

Negative adjective

Adverb

perception

perceive

perceptive perceptible

imperceptible

perceptibly

obedience

obey

obedient

disobedient

obediently

competitiveness competition competitor

compete

competitive

uncompetitive noncompetitive

competitively

acquisition acquisitiveness

acquire

acquired acquisitive

unacquired

acquisitively =shánčlivě, nenasytně

UNIT 4 – EMAIL WRITING 3 main styles of writing 1. Formal: similar to letter 2. Semiformal: neutral, when you don’t know someone very well 3. Informal: personal correspondence, you can use acronyms (asap, pls, btw, fyi, incl, st, …)

Greeting

FORMAL Dear Sir or Madam Dear Mr/Ms Smith

SEMIFORMAL Dear Elisabeth Dear Thomas

INFORMAL Hi Hello

Opening Examples

I am writing to enquire you…

Thank you for your email…

Hope you’re well

Closing Examples

Please let me know if you need more information

I look forward to hearing from you soon

Hope to talk soon

Hope to hear from you soon Closing salutation

Yours faithfully, Yours sincerely, Kind regards, Sincerely,

Best regards, Best wishes, Thank you, Yours truly,

Love, Take care, Thanks, Yours,

UNIT 5 – RECRUITMENT AND EMPLOYMENT Recruitment: the process of attracting, selecting and appointing suitable candidates for a job position  Permanent or temporary job  Part-time or full-time job  Voluntary = unpaid position  this all can be undertaken by HR in company or can be outsorced to a recruitment agency or headhunters 1. to be a clear miss = completely/totally fail to meet requirements 2. to eyeball something = to look at sthg/smb in a way that is very direct 3. to line up with something = to move one thing into a correct position in relation to another thing 4. to weed out something = to remove things from a group because they are not wanted 5. submission = the action of presenting a proposal, application for consideration 1. Who is usually rejected during the 1st round of screening applications? Those who do not meet qualifications, experience, with not fitting work history or too high salary expectations. 2. What is the main objective of phone interviews? To obtain deeper information about an applicant and evaluate on his/her communication skills. 3. Into which steps is the face-to-face interviewing process divided in the article? The 1st round with company consultants, the 2nd round with company partners. The Process 1. The job is advertised in the media 2. Candidates are asked to send CV (Resume) + covering letter which informs about candidate’s qualifications, experiences and skills 3. Then is made a shortlist: list of the best and suitable candidates 4. Rejection letters recieve those who were unsuccessful 5. Those who succeed are hired and put on the payroll Employment: a relationship between two parties, based on a contract  One being employee and the other being employer  Unemployment: occurs when a preson who is actively searching for job but it’s unable to find it Categories of unemployment 1. Structural: associated with the mismatch between jobs and workers due to the lack of applicable skills 2. Frictional: can be seen as a transactional cost of trying to find a new job 3. Cyclical: is attributed to economic contractions

Types of interviews  Traditional job interview checks the information from your CV, it helps to clarify items which were not clear or were not stated understandably.  Case job interview the applicant is given a question, situation or a problem and is asked to resolve the situation; it shows his/her decisiveness, his/her ability to ask questions.  Behavioural job interview is past-oriented, the respondent is asked to say what they did in the past jobs or life situations relevant to the particular job.

Interviews Traditional – checks info from the CV/resume + helps to clarify some items - does not bring new information Case – + proves decisiveness, ability to ask questions, important x unimportant - interviewee cannot solve the problem Behavioural - When did you last feel …? + interviewee chooses right example from the past and explains his/her reaction - interviewee cannot think of any example

2. The combination of the case interview and the behavioural one is most commonly used currently. 3. Behavioural interview can reveal a lot about the weak points of a candidate.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Ask What does this company do? How much travel is expected? Is relocation a possibility? When can I take time off for a vacation? What are the prospects for growth and promotion?

Don´t ask 6. What is the company´s management style? 7. Did I get the job? 8. Can I change my schedule if I get the job?

Employment - a relationship between two parties, usually based on a contract Unemployment - is a situation when a person who is actively searching for employment is unable to find work

Categories of unemployment  Structural unemployment exists when there are jobs available and people willing to do work, but there are not a sufficient number of people qualified to fill the vacant jobs.  Frictional unemployment is the time period between jobs when a worker is searching for, or transitioning from one job to another.  Cyclical unemployment occurs because of the up and down cycles of the economy. When the economy enters a recession, many of the jobs lost are considered cyclical unemployment.

UNIT 6 – MARKETING AND BRANDING

Marketing: identify the wants and needs of the customer and try to provide the right goods or services to satisfy those needs and wants = marketing concept Marketing strategy: a plan to identify customer’s needs and bring together the needed resources  Plan involves: a) (identification of) Market segments: groups of people for whom the product satisfies the similar need o Niche market: a small market segment with some kind of special characteristic b) (selection of) Target markets: groups of people at whom a specific product will be aime...