2310 Readings for Exam 2 PDF

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2310 Readings for Exam 2 CHAPTER 5 -According to Vygotsky, children learn best if the instruction they receive is within the zone of proximal development, so that they need assistance at first but gradually become capable of performing the task on their own -Toddlerhood and early childhood = life st...

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2310 Readings for Exam 2 CHAPTER 5 -According to Vygotsky, children learn best if the instruction they receive is within the zone of proximal development, so that they need assistance at first but gradually become capable of performing the task on their own -Toddlerhood and early childhood = life stages where kids are more likely to use private speech -Scaffolding should decrease as children become more competent at a task -Barbara Rogoff extends Vygotsky’s theory by stating learning as a cultural and social process and emphasizing values (Mayan people and kids imitating them) -Primates simply mimic signs because they lack infinite generativity -Chinese toddlers spoke the word “naughty” earlier symbolizing shame -Production lags behind comprehension, and by 2 nd birthday, toddlers have vocab of about 200 words - Gone and No are most notable words and during 18-24 months period, toddlers can name 2 colors, 6 body parts, and emotional states such as tired and sad -Fernald et al 2016: at 15 months, kids waited until the whole word had been spoken, at 24 months they would shift their gaze even before the word had been completely spoken - By the end of their 3rd year, they have learned the rules of their language -7,000 languages in total -Frederick II: wanted to find out if infants would speak naturally without proper instruction from other adults, infants ended up dying. CHAPTER 6 - 3-6, child grows 2-3 inches per year and adds 5-7 pounds. (3 year old: 35 inches and 30 pounds, 6 year old: 45 inches and 45 pounds) -By 3rd birthday, most kids have full set of 20 teeth -Age 3, brain is at 70% of adult weigh, at age 6, about 90% -Increase in brain weight due to increase in synaptic connections -Myelination in the hippocampus is completed by age 5, which gives longer attention spans - Peterson & Whalen 2001: found that kids who were hospitalized at age 2 or 3 remembered the event accurately when asked about it 5 years later -Calcium is the most common nutritional deficiency in the US - Higher injury in South Africa because of lenient safety codes -Hepper et al 2005 found that fetuses show a definite preference for sucking the thumb of their right or left hand with 90% preferring the right -Identical twins are more likely to DIFFER in handedness

-2 critiques of Piaget’s theory: it underestimates children’s cognitive abilities and it exaggerates the extent to which development is stage-like rather than continuous - By 12 months of age, infants will point at an event or object to draw attention to it -By age 3, response to imaginary events thus symbolizing pretend play -Onishi and Baillargeon 2005: found that 15 month olds watch the person search for the toy in green box longer than when they searched in yellow box = violation of expectations -5-6 kids learn important responsibilities -Kids from Belize, Kenya, Nepal, and America Samoa ask less “why” questions -Social benefits to attending preschool. Social costs include being less compliant and aggressive -By age 4, kids use grammar in 90% of their statements -John Berko 1958: had kids respond to nonsense words, found that they still apply correct grammar to those words - Age 2 know pragmatics of a conversation -Age 4 are more sensitive to characteristics of conversation partner - By age 5 they can accurately explain emotions depicted in images -From ages 2-6 tantrums decrease because of better emotional regulation (effortful control) - By age 2, they attain their gender identity and by 3-4 they associate objects with gender - By age 6-7 they express gender constancy, that gender cannot change - Liben & Signorella, 1993: kids who were shown pictures that violated their gender schemas were remembered better -Amae: close attachment between mother and child - Margaret Mead found similarities in how cultures socialize young kids and structure their social environments -Physical aggression peaks in early childhood CHAPTER 7 -Middle childhood = more likely to be slim -Boys grow stronger than girls after puberty -Nearsightedness arises in middle childhood (20 20 20 rule) - Studies show that kids who do more physical activity pay more attention in class and perform better overall -By age 6, they are able to write the letters of the alphabet and numbers 1 through 10 - Boys are twice as likely to have ADHD than girls

-In middle childhood, working memory enlarges and anything that goes into working memory is also somehow processed Flavell et al 1966 found that rehearsal helps with recall -5-6 have some grasp of metamemory -The WISC-V assesses the child’s cognitive ability on 5 indexes: verbal comprehension, visual spatial, fluid reasoning, processing speed, working memory - It is difficult to learn a new language after age 12 without an accent - Kids are able to read at grade 3 -Begin to count at age 2 and solve math problems at age 5 - By age 7-8 they can describe themselves in external terms - Divorce mediation helps with cases that were headed for court - Step fathers can actually disrupt a child in a negative way because of their view of remarriage and the break in relationship between child and mother - 4 categories of social status: popular, rejected (most aggressive), neglected, and controversial children...