24 Morality - Lecture notes 24 PDF

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Kevin Grobman
Introduction to theories of morality and origins...

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Introduction to Psychology (PSY-100) with Dr. Kevin Grobman ( [email protected] ) Learning Objective Questions for Morality Directions: Your answers to these questions are not a required assignment. Rather, they are here to help you prepare for our test. I recommend reading the questions before class to orient yourself. Answer the questions after class to insure that you understood the material and achieved the learning objectives. If you have trouble answering questions, please discuss them in the “Course Discussion & Questions” forum at the top of our iLearn (Moodle) web page. Try to answer one another’s questions. I consider participation in the forum class participation so this is especially nice to do if you would like to show your engagement, but you’re less comfortable speaking during class. Though I read the forum, I consider it for you so I will rarely reply. However, if I notice a factual misconception, I will clarify in the next class.

01. How is empathy related to morality? How do parents foster empathy in children? How do parents foster moral behavior in children even when children believe they can “get away with it?” What is the link between religiosity and morality? - Empathy’s Relation with Morality: - Parents Foster Empathy in Children: - Parents Foster Moral Behavior in Children - Link Between Religiosity and Children: 02. Describe the bystander effect. How did the Kitty Genovese murder play a role in formulating the hypotheses? - Bystander Effect: Cases in which individuals do not offer any means of helt to a victim when other people are present. This is because they believe someone else will help the victim, however this doesn’t usually happen - Kitty Genovese Murder: Kitty was murdered in NY Apartment. Her neighbors heard her screaming for help but didn’t help her since they believed someone else would call for help. 03. Describe various ideas of how people define fairness. What is distributive justice? What is relative deprivation? How do procedure impact views of fairness? - People Define Fairness - Equality: Everybody gets an Equal Share - Need: Poorer People get More - Merit: Those who sell more product get more money - Distributive Justice: Fair way to distribute resources - Relative Deprivation: When we compare ourselves to others, we begin to believe we are ‘worse off’ - Procedure Impact of Fairness 04. Describe Piaget’s stages of moral reasoning. Describe Kohlberg’s stages and how they fit with Piaget’s. Describe the Heinz dilemma and how Kohlberg measures moral reasoning. - Piaget’s Stages of Moral Reasoning - Morality of Constraint (7-8 Years Old): Rules are ‘given’; acts consistent with rules are ‘good’ and acts inconsistent with rules are ‘bad’ - Autonomous Morality (11-12 Years Old): Authorities could be wrong. Rules are product of social agreement, Children consider motives and believe the ‘punishment should fit the crime’ - Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning: - Stage 0: The Good is What I Like and What I want it to be - Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience Orientation - Stage 2: Instrumental Hedonism and Concrete Reciprocity

Stage 3: Orientation to Interpersonal Relations and Multality Stage 4: Maintenance of Social Order, Fixedness of Authority Stage 5a: Social Contract, Utilitarian Law-Making Perspective - Stage 5b: Higher Law and Conscience Orientation - Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principal Orientation Heinz Dilemma: Kohlberg’s Measurement of Moral Reasoning: -

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05. What are the criticisms of Kohlberg’s stages, from the “left” and from the “right?” How does Gilligan challenge Kohlberg’s model from a feminist perspective? How does Haidt challenge Kohlberg’s model from a politically conservative perspective? - Kohlberg’s Stages Criticism: - Left (Gilligan) for Feminist POV - Right (Haidt) for Politically Conservative POV - Gilligan Challenges Kohlberg’s Model- Feminist Perspective: Gilligan believed that since Kohlberg was a male, females failed more often since his test was biased towards men as a result of being written from a male’s pov - Haidt Challenges Kohlberg;s Model- Poltically Conservative Perspective: Haidt noticed that liberals scored higher in moral reasoning that conservatives, so he believed the test was biased towards liberal people 06. Describe the prisoner’s dilemma and tragedy of the commons. How do different kinds of people approach game theory? What strategies work best? How does game theory help us understand morality?...