72532484-Hand Book-of-Spices-Seasonings-and-Flavorings PDF

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HANDBOOK OF

Spices, Seasonings, and Flavorings SECOND EDITION

HANDBOOK OF

Spices, Seasonings, and Flavorings SECOND EDITION

Susheela Raghavan

Boca Raton London New York

CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8493-2842-X (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-2842-8 (Hardcover) his book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www. copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Raghavan, Susheela. Handbook of spices, seasonings, and flavorings / Susheela Raghavan. -- 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8493-2842-X 1. Spices--Handbooks. 2. Cookery (Spices) I. Title. TX406.R34 2006 641.3’383--dc22 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com

2006046571

Dedication To my parents . . . Pathmavathy Kumaran and Kattary Raghavan I dedicate this book to my ma and cha who planted the seed of taste within me, from which my thirst for knowledge of spices and flavors grew. It was this exposure that enabled me to truly appreciate and enjoy the many diverse foods and flavors from around the world.

Table of Contents Preface Acknowledgment Author Chapter 1

Spices in History.................................................................................1

A “Spicy” Tale: A Short History of the Spice Trade ...............................................1 Early Use of Spices in the Americas ........................................................................2 The Asian Spice Emporium ......................................................................................3 The First Spice Traders .............................................................................................4 Spice Use in the West................................................................................................5 Greek and Roman Spice Traders...............................................................................6 The Arab Conquest....................................................................................................6 Spice Use in the Middle Ages...................................................................................7 The Age of European Conquest ................................................................................8 Spices in America ......................................................................................................9 Chapter 2

Trends in the World of Spices Today.............................................11

Trends in Foods and Spices ....................................................................................11 Understanding and Effectively Meeting the Growing Demand for Authenticity ...............................................................................15 Spices and Flavorings of Popular, Authentic Ethnic Cuisines ...............................16 Authentic Ethnic Spices.................................................................................17 Spices, Flavorings, and Seasonings of Popular Authentic Ethnic Cuisines .......................................................................................17 Authentic Ethnic Flavorings ..........................................................................19 Authentic Preparation and Cooking Techniques ...........................................20 Ethnic Presentation Styles .............................................................................20 Fusion and Regional American Flavorings .............................................................21 Fusion Flavors ................................................................................................22 Regional American Flavors............................................................................22 Natural and Organic Spice Trends ..........................................................................23 Chapter 3

Forms, Functions, and Applications of Spices ..............................25

Introduction..............................................................................................................25 Spice Forms and Composition ................................................................................25 Fresh Whole Spices........................................................................................26

Dried Spices ...................................................................................................27 Spice Extractives ............................................................................................28 Essential (Volatile) Oils .................................................................................30 Oleoresins (Nonvolatiles and Volatiles).........................................................31 Other Spice Extractives..................................................................................32 Storage Conditions with Spices.....................................................................35 Functions of Spices .................................................................................................35 Primary Function of Spices ...........................................................................36 Flavor, Taste, Aroma, and Texture.....................................................36 Coloring..............................................................................................36 Secondary Functions of Spices......................................................................38 Spices as Preservatives.......................................................................39 Spices as Antimicrobials....................................................................39 Spices as Antioxidants .......................................................................40 Emerging Functions of Spices.......................................................................42 Spices as Medicines ...........................................................................42 Traditional Medicine ..........................................................................43 Modern Medicine...............................................................................46 Spice Preparation .....................................................................................................48 Global Equipment Used in Spice Preparation...............................................50 Spice Applications ...................................................................................................51 Marinades, Rubs, and Glazes ........................................................................51 Spice Blends, Seasonings, and Condiments..................................................52 Chapter 4

Spice Labeling, Standards, Regulations, and Quality Specifications ......................................................................55

Spice Definition and Labeling.................................................................................55 Spice Regulations ....................................................................................................56 Spice Authenticity and Quality Concerns ...............................................................57 Spice Quality Specifications....................................................................................58 Maintaining Spice Quality.......................................................................................59 Chapter 5

A to Z Spices.....................................................................................63

Ajowan .....................................................................................................................63 Allspice ....................................................................................................................64 Anise/Aniseed ..........................................................................................................66 Annatto.....................................................................................................................68 Asafoetida/Asafetida................................................................................................69 Basil ........................................................................................................................70 Bay/Laurel Leaf .......................................................................................................73 Caper ........................................................................................................................77 Caraway ...................................................................................................................78 Cardamom/Cardamon ..............................................................................................79 Celery.......................................................................................................................82

Chervil......................................................................................................................84 Chile/Chili/Chilli Peppers/Chilies ...........................................................................85 Chives.......................................................................................................................91 Cinnamon.................................................................................................................93 Clove ........................................................................................................................96 Coriander (Seed, Leaf Cilantro)..............................................................................98 Cumin and Black Cumin.......................................................................................101 Dill and Dillweed ..................................................................................................104 Epazote...................................................................................................................106 Fennel Seed............................................................................................................107 Fenugreek Seed and Leaf ......................................................................................109 Galangal/Galangale/Galingale ...............................................................................111 Garlic......................................................................................................................113 Ginger ....................................................................................................................116 Grains of Paradise..................................................................................................119 Horseradish ............................................................................................................120 Juniper....................................................................................................................121 Kaffir Lime (Leaf and Fruit) .................................................................................122 Kari (or Curry) Leaf ..............................................................................................123 Lavender.................................................................................................................124 Lemon Balm ..........................................................................................................126 Lemon Verbena ......................................................................................................127 Lemongrass ............................................................................................................127 Lovage....................................................................................................................129 Mace ......................................................................................................................130 Marjoram................................................................................................................132 Mints: Spearmint and Peppermint.........................................................................133 Mustard ..................................................................................................................136 Myrtle.....................................................................................................................140 Nigella....................................................................................................................141 Nutmeg...................................................................................................................142 Onion......................................................................................................................144 Oregano..................................................................................................................146 Paprika ...................................................................................................................148 Parsley....................................................................................................................150 Peppers: Black, White, Green, Pink, Long/Pippali, Cubeb, Negro, Tasmanian.........................................................................................152 Poppy Seed ............................................................................................................158 Rosemary ...............................................................................................................159 Saffron....................................................................................................................161 Sage ......................................................................................................................163 Sassafras.................................................................................................................164 Savory ....................................................................................................................165 Screw-Pine Leaf/Pandanus/Pandan Leaf...............................................................167 Sesame Seed ..........................................................................................................168 Sichuan or Szechwan Pepper/Fagara ....................................................................170

Sorrel......................................................................................................................172 Star Anise...............................................................................................................173 Sumac.....................................................................................................................174 Tamarind ................................................................................................................175 Tarragon .................................................................................................................177 Thyme ....................................................................................................................179 Turmeric/Tumeric ..................................................................................................181 Wasabi....................................................................................................................183 Watercress ..............................................................................................................184 Zedoary ..................................................................................................................185 Chapter 6

Emerging Flavor Contributors .....................................................187

Introduction............................................................................................................187 Root/Tuber/Rhizome Flavorings ...........................................................................187 Flower Flavorings ..................................................................................................191 Wrapper Flavorings ...............................................................................................194 Seafood Flavorings ................................................................................................197 Fruit Flavorings......................................................................................................200 Vegetable Flavorings..............................................................................................209 Legume Flavorings ................................................................................................213 Nut Flavorings .......................................................................................................215 Sweet and Bitter Flavorings ..................................................................................219 Flavorings from Preparation ...