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DIKLAT TEKNIS SUBSTANTIF DASAR PAJAK II MODUL Pengantar Akuntansi Oleh: KHUSNAINI WIDYAISWARA MUDA KEMENTERIAN KEUANGAN REPUBLIK INDONESIA BADAN PENDIDIKAN DAN PELATIHAN KEUANGAN PUSDIKLAT PAJAK 2014 Pengantar Akuntansi KATA PENGANTAR Berdasarkan Surat Keputusan Kuasa Pengguna Anggaran Pusat Pendidi...

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DIKLAT TEKNIS SUBSTANTIF DASAR PAJAK II

MODUL

Pengantar Akuntansi Oleh:

KHUSNAINI WIDYAISWARA MUDA

KEMENTERIAN KEUANGAN REPUBLIK INDONESIA BADAN PENDIDIKAN DAN PELATIHAN KEUANGAN PUSDIKLAT PAJAK 2014

Pengantar Akuntansi

KATA PENGANTAR

Berdasarkan Surat Keputusan Kuasa Pengguna Anggaran Pusat Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Pajak Nomor KEP-43/PP.4/2014 tanggal 17 Maret 2014, Sdr. Khusnaini ditugaskan untuk menyusun Modui Pengantar Akuntansi untuk Diklat Teknis Substantif Dasar (DTSD) Pajak II di Pusdiklat Pajak.

Mengingat modul sebagaimana teriampir telah diseminarkan, dengan ini kami menyatakan bahwa Modul dimaksud telah sah dan layak untuk digunakan sebagai Modul Pengantar Akuntansi untuk DTSD Pajak II.

Kami mengucapkan selamat dan terima kasih kepada Penyusun dan semua pihak yang telah membantu penyelesaian materi modul tersebut. Demikian kata pengantar dan pengesahan ini dibuat untuk dipergunakan

sebagaimana mestinya.

Jakarta,

Mei2014

Kepala Pusdiklat Pajak

f Irr

,i

NIP 196706271992011001

DTSD Pajak II

PENGANTAR AKUNTANSI

DAFTAR ISI i KATA PENGANTAR ............................................................................................. i DAFTAR ISI .........................................................................................................iii DAFTAR TABEL ................................................................................................. ix DAFTAR GAMBAR ............................................................................................. xi PETUNJUK PENGGUNAAN MODUL .................................................................xii PETA KONSEP MODUL.....................................................................................xii PENDAHULUAN.................................................................................................. 1 1. Deskripsi Singkat .......................................................................................... 1 2. Prasyarat Kompetensi................................................................................... 1 3. Standar Kompetensi (SK) dan Kompetensi Dasar (KD) ................................ 1 3.1. Standar Kompetensi (SK)....................................................................... 2 3.2. Kompetensi Dasar (KD) ......................................................................... 2 4. Relevansi Modul ........................................................................................... 2 KEGIATAN BELAJAR 1: ...................................................................................... 3 GAMBARAN UMUM AKUNTANSI ....................................................................... 3 1. Definisi Akuntansi ......................................................................................... 3 1.1. Akuntansi Secara Umum........................................................................ 3 1.2. Definisi Akuntansi Keuangan ................................................................. 4 2. Jenis-Jenis Laporan Keuangan ..................................................................... 5 3. Pemakai Laporan Keuangan......................................................................... 7 4. Prinsip-Prinsip Akuntansi .............................................................................. 8 5. Standar Akuntansi Keuangan ..................................................................... 10 6. Latihan ........................................................................................................ 14 7. Rangkuman ................................................................................................ 14 8. Test Formatif............................................................................................... 15 9. Umpan Balik dan Tindak Lanjut .................................................................. 16 KEGIATAN BELAJAR 2: .................................................................................... 17 MENGENAL AKUN DAN GAMBARAN DASAR AKUNTANSI ............................ 17 1. Pengertian dan Jenis Akun ......................................................................... 17

DTSD Pajak I

iii

PENGANTAR AKUNTANSI

2. Persamaan Dasar Akuntansi....................................................................... 17 3. Saldo Normal Suatu Akun ........................................................................... 20 4. Penggolongan atau Pengelompokkan Akun................................................ 20 5. Siklus Akuntansi.......................................................................................... 22 6. Latihan ........................................................................................................ 36 7. Rangkuman ................................................................................................ 36 8. Test Formatif ............................................................................................... 37 9. Umpan Balik dan Tindak Lanjut .................................................................. 38 KEGIATAN BELAJAR 3: .................................................................................... 41 MACAM-MACAM PERUSAHAAN...................................................................... 41 1. Macam-Macam Perusahaan berdasarkan Kepemilikan .............................. 41 2. Macam-Macam Perusahaan berdasarkan Jenis Usaha .............................. 42 2.1. Perusahaan dagang ............................................................................. 42 2.2. Perusahaan manufaktur ....................................................................... 44 2.3. Parusahaan jasa .................................................................................. 47 3. Latihan ........................................................................................................ 49 4. Rangkuman ................................................................................................ 49 5. Test Formatif ............................................................................................... 49 6. Umpan Balik dan Tindak Lanjut .................................................................. 50 KEGIATAN BELAJAR 4: .................................................................................... 53 KAS ................................................................................................................... 53 1. Pengertian Kas ........................................................................................... 53 2. Kas Kecil ..................................................................................................... 54 3. Rekonsiliasi Kas.......................................................................................... 55 4. Laporan Arus Kas ....................................................................................... 57 5. Latihan ........................................................................................................ 61 6. Rangkuman ................................................................................................ 61 7. Test Formatif ............................................................................................... 61 8. Umpan Balik dan Tindak Lanjut .................................................................. 62 KEGIATAN BELAJAR 5: .................................................................................... 65 PIUTANG........................................................................................................... 65 1. Pengertian dan Karakteristik Piutang dan Piutang Tak Tertagih .................. 65

iv

DTSD Pajak II

PENGANTAR AKUNTANSI

2. Pencatatan dan Penjurnalan Piutang dan Piutang Tak Tertagih ................. 66 2.1. Metode Penyisihan............................................................................... 66 2.2. Metode Direct Write-off (Penghapusan Langsung) ............................... 69 3. Latihan ........................................................................................................ 70 4. Rangkuman ................................................................................................ 70 5. Tes Formatif................................................................................................ 71 6. Umpan Balik dan Tindak Lanjut .................................................................. 72 KEGIATAN BELAJAR 6: .................................................................................... 73 PERSEDIAAN ................................................................................................... 73 1. Pengertian dan Karakteristik Persediaan .................................................... 73 2. Menentukan Harga Perolehan Persediaan ................................................. 73 2.1. Metode Tanda Pengenal Khusus. ........................................................ 74 2.2. Metode FIFO ........................................................................................ 74 2.3. Metode LIFO ........................................................................................ 74 2.4. Metode Rata-rata. ................................................................................ 74 3. Penilaian Persediaan: Sistem Periodik dan Sistem Perpetual ..................... 75 3.1. Sistem Periodik .................................................................................... 75 3.1.1. FIFO ........................................................................................... 75 3.1.2. LIFO............................................................................................ 76 3.1.3. Metode rata-rata ......................................................................... 77 3.2. Sistem Perpetual .................................................................................. 77 3.2.1. FIFO ........................................................................................... 77 3.2.2. LIFO............................................................................................ 78 3.2.3. Metode Rata-rata ........................................................................ 78 4. Penyajian Persediaan pada Neraca ............................................................ 78 5. Latihan ........................................................................................................ 79 6. Rangkuman ................................................................................................ 79 7. Test Formatif............................................................................................... 80 8. Umpan Balik dan Tindak Lanjut .................................................................. 80 KEGIATAN BELAJAR 7: .................................................................................... 82 ASET TETAP..................................................................................................... 82 DAN ASET TIDAK BERWUJUD ........................................................................ 82 1. Pengertian dan Karakteristik Aset Tetap dan Aset Tidak Berwujud ............. 82

DTSD Pajak II

v

PENGANTAR AKUNTANSI

2. Harga Perolehan Aset Tetap ....................................................................... 83 3. Penyusutan Aset Tetap ............................................................................... 83 3.1. Metode Penyusutan ............................................................................. 84 3.1.1. Metode Garis Lurus..................................................................... 84 3.1.2. Metode Saldo Menurun ............................................................... 85 3.1.3. Metode Jumlah Angka Tahun ..................................................... 86 3.1.4. Metode Jam Jasa (Service Hours Method) ................................. 86 3.1.5. Metode Jumlah Unit Produksi ..................................................... 87 4. Pencatatan Akuntansinya ........................................................................... 88 5. Pengalihan Aset Tetap ................................................................................ 88 5.1. Pembuangan Aset Tetap...................................................................... 89 5.2. Penjualan Aset Tetap ........................................................................... 89 5.3. Pertukaran Aset Tetap ......................................................................... 91 5.3.1. Pertukaran Aset Tak Sejenis ....................................................... 91 5.3.2. Pertukaran Aset sejenis .............................................................. 91 6. Pencatatan Aset Tak Berwujud ................................................................... 92 7. Latihan ........................................................................................................ 95 8. Rangkuman ................................................................................................ 95 9. Test Formatif ............................................................................................... 96 10.Umpan Balik dan Tindak Lanjut .................................................................. 96 KEGIATAN BELAJAR 8: .................................................................................... 98 UTANG .............................................................................................................. 98 1. Pengertian dan Karakteristik Utang ............................................................. 98 2. Perlakuan Akuntansi untuk Utang ............................................................... 99 2.1. Utang Wesel Berbunga (Interest Bearing Notes Payable) .................. 100 2.2. Wesel Bayar Tak Berbunga secara eksplisit (Non Interest Bearing Notes) ........................................................................................................... 100 3. Utang Kontinjensi (Contingent Liability)..................................................... 101 4. Latihan ...................................................................................................... 102 5. Rangkuman .............................................................................................. 102 6. Test Formatif ............................................................................................. 102 7. Umpan Balik dan Tindak Lanjut ................................................................ 103 KEGIATAN BELAJAR 9: .................................................................................. 105

vi

DTSD Pajak II

PENGANTAR AKUNTANSI

SAHAM DAN DIVIDEN .................................................................................... 105 1. Pengertian dan Karakteristik Saham dan Dividen ..................................... 105 2. Transaksi dan Pencatatan Saham ............................................................ 105 2.1. Saham dengan nilai nominal .............................................................. 106 2.2. Saham tanpa nilai nominal ................................................................. 106 3. Transaksi dan Pencatatan Dividen ............................................................ 107 4. Stock Split ................................................................................................. 109 5. Rangkuman .............................................................................................. 109 6. Latihan ...................................................................................................... 110 7. Test Formatif............................................................................................. 110 8. Umpan Balik dan Tindak Lanjut ................................................................ 111 KEGIATAN BELAJAR 10: ................................................................................ 113 SIKLUS AKUNTANSI DAN PENERAPANNYA ................................................ 113 1. Pencatatan transaksi ................................................................................ 118 2. Membuat jurnal umum .............................................................................. 118 3. Posting ke buku besar (general ledger)..................................................... 122 4. Pengikhtisaran ke neraca saldo (trial balance) .......................................... 137 5. Membuat ayat jurnal penyesuaian (adjustring entry) ................................. 139 6. Memposting jurnal penyesuaian ke neraca lajur (worksheet) .................... 141 7. Menyusun laporan keuangan (financial statement) ................................... 141 8. Membuat ayat jurnal penutup (closing entry)............................................. 144 9. Membuat neraca saldo penutup (closing trial balance) ............................. 145 10.Rangkuman .............................................................................................. 146 11.Umpan Balik dan Tindak Lanjut ................................................................ 146 TES SUMATIF ................................................................................................. 148 KUNCI JAWABAN TES FORMATIF DAN SUMATIF ....................................... 155 DAFTAR PUSTAKA......................................................................................... 157

DTSD Pajak II

vii

PENGANTAR AKUNTANSI

DAFTAR TABEL Tabel 1.1 Neraca Posisi Keuangan ...................................................................... 5 Tabel 1.2 Laporan Laba Rugi .............................................................................. 6 Tabel 1.3 Laporan Perubahan Modal ................................................................... 6 Tabel 1.4 Laporan Arus Kas ................................................................................ 7 Tabel 2.1 Saldo Normal Akun ............................................................................ 20 Tabel 2.2 Kode klasifikasi Akun ......................................................................... 21 Tabel 2.3 Klasifikasi Akun .................................................................................. 21 Tabel 2.4 Buku Besar Empat Kolom .................................................................. 27 Tabel 2.5 Neraca Saldo Penutup ....................................................................... 36 Tabel 3.1 Klasifikasi Perusahaan Berdasar Kepemilikan ................................... 42 Tabel 3.2 Laporan Keuangan Perusahaan Dagang ........................................... 43 Tabel 3.3 Neraca Keuangan Perusahaan Dagang ............................................. 44 Tabel 3.4 Perbandingan HPP Perusahaan Manufaktur dan Perusahaan Dagang ....... 44 Tabel 3.5 Laporan Keuangan Perusahaan Manufaktur ...................................... 45 Tabel 3.6 Laporan Laba Rugi Perusahaan Manufaktur ...................................... 46 Tabel 3.7 Neraca Keuangan Perusahaan Manufaktur ....................................... 47 Tabel 3.8 Laporan Laba Rugi Perusahaan Jasa ................................................ 48 Tabel 3.9 Neraca Keuangan Perusahaan Jasa.................................................. 48 Tabel 4.1 Laporan arus kas metode langsung PT ABC...................................... 59 Tabel 4.2 Laporan arus kas metode tidak langsung PT ABC ............................. 60 Tabel 6.1 Transaksi Persediaan PT Axl Bulan Mei ............................................ 75 Tabel 6.2 Persediaan Sistem Periodik Dengan Metode FIFO ............................ 75 Tabel 6.3 Kartu Persediaan FIFO Sistem Perpetual ............................................