9 behavioural perspectives of emotion PDF

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Lecture 9: Behavioural Perspectives of EmotionEmotion: - Behavioural states that are non-regulatory (voluntary) - Ex: responding to a threat or opportunity presented by the environment, - These are reversible, but can influence ongoing behaviour. Learning - Behavioral changes that are relatively per...

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Lecture 9: Behavioural Perspectives of Emotio Emotion: -

Behavioural states that are non-regulatory (voluntary) -

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Ex: responding to a threat or opportunity presented by the environment,

These are reversible, but can influence ongoing behaviour.

Learning -

Behavioral changes that are relatively permanent

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Once a response is conditioned, even after long periods of time or activate ‘Extinction’ traces of the o learning can still be revealed.

Motivation -

Changes in the behavioral states are regulatory (involuntary) -

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Ex: Thunder or thirst

Are reversible states but can influence ongoing behavior.

What is emotion? Emotion: -

Emotional responses: An affective state of cognitive, subjective, physiological and motor changes.

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Triggered by an individual’s conscious or unconscious determination that a stimulus has particular va within a context. -

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Aka triggered by external stimuli that we deem has value within context.

Serving to arouse or motivate behaviors.

Charles Darwin : “The expression of emotions in man and animals (1972)” How emotions = communication devices How universal are emotional expressions? -

Introduced observer ratings as a method of identifying emotional expressions. -

Used electrical currents (Galvanism) to stimulate the production of certain facial expressions. -

The facial expressions were hella exaggerated because the muscles under the cheek we contracting based on what Darwin wanted.

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These were described by naive observers from diff cultures (terror, happy etc)

William James: “The origins of emotional responses” Wrote that facial expression might have a role in creating or amplifying emotional responses whilst inhib our facial expression would soften our emotions. -

Facial expressions = emotional responses. No facial expression = low feelings of emotions.

The role of emotions : What are emotions for Biological perspective... Emotions have evolved through natural selection.

Coordinations for responses to environmental challenges

The Origins of Emotional Responses Folk psychology

1. Stimulus is present 2. When we see something that frightens us, 3. Fear is evoked, and this may be expressed in our facial expression 4. The stress response will follow, for example, our heart will begin to race, and we run or freeze as appro

James-Lange Theory

a physiological response to a stimulus comes first, and the emotional response is generated following this

Cannon and Bard- Which came first: Homornones or emotions? The James-Lange model...

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Evidence shows that disconnection of the viscera (aka no hormonal responses) from the brain doesn’ disturb emotional experience

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The same visceral changes can be observed in diverse emotional states as well as non-emotional state -

Same changes are seen in the visceral areas (the soft organs - hormone regulators) for emotion non emotional states.

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Visceral changes are too slow to be the direct source of emotions -

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Hormones =/= source of emotion

Artificial induction of changes in the viscera will not lead to specific emotional responses

Damasio- Somatic Marker Hypothesis Feelings are able to guide our decision-making, regardless of

‘good decks’ a lot before they had consciously detected a pattern. -

Their gut feeling had detected a pattern already.

Schacter and Singer- Cognitive Arousal Theory

The interaction of emotional arousal and stimulus-oriented cognition is what leads to the specific emotio response.

Schacter and SingerTwo groups of subjects were given adrenaline injections (although they thought it was a vitamin solution -

The first group were told that they might experience increased HR, sweating and agitation (the effect adrenaline).

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The second group was given no information.

They were introduced to a confederate who was pretending to have just had the injection, and was acting euphoric or angry. Subsequently asked how they felt – -

Group 1’s feelings weren’t determined by the confederate

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Group 2’s feelings matched those of the confederate as the adrenaline had made them more aroused, a cognitive input from the confederate had contributed to this to create their emotional response.

Zajonc- Affective Primacy Theory

Based on the ‘mere exposure’ effect, where unconscious pre-exposure to novel stimuli produces an increa liking for those stimuli. Therefore, preconscious processing must determine our emotional responses independently of consciousness.

Experiment by Murphy and Zajonc (1993) 1. You see a dot 2. You see a face w/ happy, or fear expression (super quickly, no conscious awareness) -> priming 3. U see a distractor of white and black dots ((super quickly, no conscious awareness) 4. You see a symbol from a foreign language. a. Then You evaluate on a likert scale 1-5, how positive/negative the symbol looked to u.

Evolutionary approaches: Basic emotions can be distinguished, but not often expressed in a pure form

John Panksepp (1970’s) - Emotional arousal systems: There are basic biologically determined emotions which have clearly associated neural substrates.

Paul ekmann (1960’s onward) Developed a coding system for a facial expression with this underlying assumptions....