A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets PDF

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American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street, NW, Suite 249 Washington, DC 20001 202-624-5800 phone/202-624-5806 fax www.transportation.org All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. Publication Code: GDHS-6 ISBN: 978-1-56051-50...

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American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street, NW, Suite 249 Washington, DC 20001 202-624-5800 phone/202-624-5806 fax www.transportation.org All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.

Publication Code: GDHS-6 ISBN: 978-1-56051-508-1

iii

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 2010͵2011

Officers President: Susan Martinovich, P.E., NEVADA Vice President: Kirk Steudle, P.E., MICHIGAN Secretary/Treasurer: Carlos Braceras, UTAH Immediate Past President: Vacant

Regional Representatives

REGION I George N. Campbell, Jr., NEW HAMPSHIRE Beverley K. Swaim-Staley, MARYLAND

REGION II Mike Hancock, KENTUCKY Robert St. Onge, SOUTH CAROLINA

REGION III Thomas K. Sorel, MINNESOTA Vacant

REGION IV Amadeo Saenz, Jr., TEXAS Francis G. Ziegler P.E., NORTH DAKOTA

Non-Voting Members Executive Director: John Horsley, AASHTO

iv

TECHNICAL COMMITTEE ON GEOMETRIC DESIGN 2008͵2010

Oĸcers Mark Marek, Chairman (2007–2011)

Texas

William Prosser, Secretary

FHWA

Brooke Struve, Secretary

FHWA

Members Kent Belleque

Oregon

Paul Bercich

Wyoming

James O. Brewer

Kansas

Ken Briggs

Maryland

Rick Bruce

Ohio

Marshall Elizer

American Public Works Association

Brian Hare

Pennsylvania

David Hutchison

National League of Cities

Jeff Jones

Tennessee

John LaPlante

American Public Works Association

Mark A. Leiferman

South Dakota

Donald A. Lyford

New Hampshire

Deanna Maifield

Iowa

Eric Marabello

Maryland

Reza Maleki

Port Authority of New York and New Jersey

Jim Mills

Florida

Jim Rosenow

Minnesota

Joe Ruffer

National Association of County Engineers

Brent Story

Georgia

Bart Thrasher

Virginia

Max Valerio

New Mexico

Ted Watson

Nebraska

Stanley Wood

Massachusetts

v

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0

5 ft

1m

10 ft

2.5 m

Scale

2.13 m [7.0 ft]

Path of right rear wheel overhang

Ɣ0D[VWHHULQJDQJOHLVž Ɣ&75 &HQWHUOLQHWXUQLQJ  UDGLXVDWIURQWD[OH

Figure 2-1. Minimum Turning Path for Passenger Car (P) Design Vehicle

Chapter 2—Design Controls and Criteria

1.83 m [6.0 ft]

6.10 m [20.0 ft]

1.22 m [4.0 ft]

9.14 m [30.0 ft] IW

0 0

10 ft P

1m Scale

Path of front overhang

5

&7

  [43. PPD[ 3 ft] 

Path of left front wheel

 



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2.44 m [8.0 ft]

Path of right rear wheel

Ɣ0D[VWHHULQJDQJOHLVž Ɣ&75 &HQWHUOLQHWXUQLQJ  UDGLXVDWIURQWD[OH

Figure 2-2. Minimum Turning Path for Single-Unit Truck (SU-9 [SU-30]) Design Vehicle

2-11

A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets

3.20 m [10.5 ft]

7.62 m [25.0 ft]

1.22 m [4.0 ft]

12.04 m [39.5 ft] 0

5 ft

0

10 ft

1m

2.5 m

Scale

Path of left front wheel

Path of front overhang

5

&7

  > PPD[ IW@ 

2-12





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0 1m

10 ft 2.5 m

Scale

Path of right rear wheel

2.44 m >IW@

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Figure 2-3. Minimum Turning Path for Single-Unit Truck (SU-12 [SU-40]) Design Vehicle

Chapter 2—Design Controls and Criteria

0.30 m [1.0 ft]

2.12 m [7.0 ft]

1.22 m [4.0 ft]

1.07 m [3.5 ft]

1.93 m [6.3 ft]

7.09 m [23.3 ft] 12.36 m [40.5 ft] 0 0

5 ft

10 ft

1m

2.5 m

Scale

Path of front overhang if the bus is equipped with a bicycle rack

Path of left front wheel

Path of front overhang







  [44. PPD[ 7 ft]  14 .1 8 [4 m 6. 5 min ft] .

5

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0

5 ft

0 1m

10 ft 2.5 m

Scale

2.59 m [8.5 ft]

Path of right rear wheel

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Figure 2-4. Minimum Turning Path for Intercity Bus (BUS-12 [BUS-40]) Design Vehicle

2-13

A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets

0.30 m [1.0 ft]

2.12 m [7.0 ft]

1.22 m [4.0 ft]

8.08 m [26.5 ft]

1.89 m [6.2 ft]

1.07 m [3.5 ft]

13.86 m [45.5 ft] 0

5 ft

0

10 ft

1m

2.5 m

Scale

Path of front overhang if the bus is equipped with a bicycle rack Path of front overhang

Path of left front wheel

5

&7 IW@

.9 1 m 8. 9 min ft] .





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[4

P

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2-14

n. mi m 4 t] 7.5 .7 f [24

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0

0

5 ft

1m

10 ft

2.5 m

Scale

2.59 m [8.5 ft]

Path of right rear wheel

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Figure 2-5. Minimum Turning Path for Intercity Bus (BUS-14 [BUS-45]) Design Vehicle

Chapter 2—Design Controls and Criteria

1.07 m [3.5 ft] 2.44 m [8.0 ft]

7.62 m [25.0 ft]

2.13 m [7.0 ft]

12.19 m [40.0 ft] 0

5 ft

0

10 ft

1m

2.5 m Scale

Path of front overhang if the bus is equipped with a bicycle rack Path of front overhang

Path of left front wheel



  [45. PPD[ 0 ft]  14 .2 7 [4 m 6. 8 min ft] .

5

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5 ft

0 1m

10 ft

2.5 m

Scale

2.59 m [8.5 ft]

Path of right rear wheel

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Figure 2-6. Minimum Turning Path for City Transit Bus (CITY-BUS) Design Vehicle

2-15

A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets

3.66 m [12.0 ft]

0.79 m [2.5 ft]

6.49 m [21.3 ft] 10.91 m [35.8 ft] 0

5 ft

0

10 ft

1m

2.5 m Scale

Path of front overhang

Path of left front wheel 5

&7 



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P

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2-16

I

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0

0

n.

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IW@

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5 ft

1m

10 ft

2.5 m

Scale

2.44 m [8.0 ft]

Path of right rear wheel

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Figure 2-7. Minimum Turning Path for Conventional School Bus (S-BUS-11 [S-BUS-36]) Design Vehicle

Chapter 2—Design Controls and Criteria

3.96 m [13.0 ft]

2.13 m [7.0 ft]

6.10 m [20.0 ft] 12.19 m [40.0 ft] IW

0

0

10 ft

P

1m Scale

Path of front overhang

Path of left front wheel







  [42. PPD[ 2 ft] 

5

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0

0

n.

mi m 1 7.7 IW@ >

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10 ft

P

Scale

2.44 m [8.0 ft]

Path of right rear wheel

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Figure 2-8. Minimum Turning Path for Large School Bus (S-BUS-12 [S-BUS-40]) Design Vehicle

2-17

A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets

3.05 m [10.0 ft]

4.02 m [13.2 ft]

1.22 m [4.0 ft] 1.89 m [6.2 ft]

6.71 m [22.0 ft]

2.62 m [8.6 ft]

18.29 m [60.0 ft] 0

5 ft

0

1m

10 ft 2.5 m

Scale

Path of front overhang

Path of left front wheel

5

&7 

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P



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  [43. PPD[ 4 ft] 

2-18



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5 ft

10 ft

0 1 m 2.5 m Scale

Path of right rear wheel 2.59 m [8.5 ft]

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Figure 2-9. Minimum Turning Path for Articulated Bus (A-BUS) Design Vehicle

Chapter 2—Design Controls and Criteria

Tractor/trailer angle

tor

ac e tr

tsid

t ou

h

Pat

ron of f

tire

Steering angle

Path of overhang Path of front inside tractor tire

tp

ath

wid

CTR

ep

um im ing ax ck M ftra of

Sw

th

e

th

ire

rt

of

id ins

e ail

tr

Pa

Turning radius Turning center

Figure 2-10. Turning Characteristics of a Typical Tractor-Semitrailer Combination Truck

2-19

A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets

Maximum steering angle

Centerline Effective wheelbase turning = Sin(Max. steering angle) radius

Centerline of steering axle Effective wheelbase of tractor

2-20

Centerline of drive axle

Cen

terl

ine

turn

ing

rad

ius

Maximum steering angle

Minimum Centerline Turning Radius Calculations Figure 2-11. Computational Method for Determining the Centerline Turning Radius for Tractor-Semitrailer Combination Trucks

Chapter 2—Design Controls and Criteria

3.51 m [11.5 ft]

(Cabover)

4.57 m [15.0 ft] 3.05 m [10.0 ft]

(Conventional) VARIES

VARIES

1.28 m [4.2 ft] 1.35 m [4.4 ft]

3.08 m [10.1 ft] 3.72 m [12.2 ft]

1.32 m [4.3 ft]

1.28 m [4.2 ft] 1.35 m [4.4 ft]

5.30 m [17.4 ft] 5.94 m [19.5 ft]

1.22 m [4.0 ft]

Typical Long-Haul Tractors (Tractor-Semitrailer Configuration)

–A–

(Conventional)

2.29 m [7.5 ft]

2.29 m [7.5 ft]

VARIES

0.71 m [2.3 ft]

VARIES

3.81 m [12.5 ft]

0.91 m [3.0 ft]

1.28 m [4.2 ft] 1.35 m [4.4 ft]

3.17 m [10.4 ft] 3.81 m [12.5 ft]

0.91 m [3.0 ft]

Typical City and Short-Haul Tractors (Tractor-Semitrailer Configuration)

–B–

(Cabover) 1.98 m [6.5 ft] VARIES

3.35 m [11.0 ft]

0.71 m [2.3 ft]

0.71 m [2.3 ft]

Typical Tractor for Double and Triple Configuration

–C–

(Cabover)

(Conventional)

1.98 m [6.5 ft]

VARIES

1.28 m [4.2 ft] 1.35 m [4.4 ft]

2.90 m [9.5 ft]

VARIES

3.08 m [10.1 ft] 3.72 m [12.2 ft]

1.28 m [4.2 ft]

0.71 m [2.3 ft] 1.35 m [4.4 ft]

4.69 m [15.4 ft] 5.33 m [17.5 ft]

Typical Tractors for Rocky Mountain Double and Turnpike Double Configuration

–D–

Figure 2-12. Lengths of Commonly Used Truck Tractors

0.71 m [2.3 ft]

2-21

A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets

10.06 m [33.0 ft] 1.37 m [4.5 ft]

0.20 m [0.7 ft]

2.29 m [7.5 ft] 0.91 m [3.0 ft]

7.77 m [25.5 ft]

1.01 m [3.3 ft]*

0.71 m [2.3 ft]

3.81 m [12.5 ft]

0.91 m [3.0 ft]

12.19 m [40.0 ft] 13.87 m [45.5 ft] * Typical tire size and space between tires applies to all trailers

0

5 ft

0

10 ft

1m

2.5 m Scale

Path of left front wheel

Path of front overhang &7 5

  [40. PPD 8 ft] [

2-22

W@

0

n.

mi 8 m t] 8 . 5 .3 f [19

IW@

I



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P







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5 ft

0 1m

10 ft 2.5 m

Scale

2.44 m [8.0 ft]

Path of right rear wheel

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Figure 2-13. Minimum Turning Path for Intermediate Semitrailer (WB-12 [WB-40]) Design Vehicle

Chapter 2—Design Controls and Criteria

14.63 m [48.0 ft] 1.37 m [4.5 ft]

4.57 m [15.0 ft]

12.50 m [41.0 ft]

0.76 m [2.5 ft]

1.28 m [4.2 ft]

1.22 m [4.0 ft]

1.35 m [4.4 ft]

5.30 m [17.4 ft] 5.94 m [19.5 ft]

1.22 m [4.0 ft]

19.05 m [62.5 ft] 21.03 m [69.0 ft] 0

5 ft

0

1m

10 ft

2.5 m

Scale

Path of front overhang

5

&7

  [46. PPD[ 3 ft] 

Path of left front wheel

IW@





>

P







0LQ UDG WXUQ 13. LXV  LQJ [44 66 m .8 f t]

2.25 m min. [7.4 ft]

0

5 ft

0 1m

10 ft 2.5 m

Scale

Path of right rear wheel

Ɣ0D[VWHHULQJDQJOHLVž Ɣ&75 &HQWHUOLQHWXUQLQJ  UDGLXVDWIURQWD[OH Ɣ$$ ž 2.59 m [8.5 ft]

Figure 2-14. Minimum Turning Path for Interstate Semitrailer (WB-19 [WB-62]) Design Vehicle

2-23

A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets

16.15 m [53.0 ft]

4.57 m [15.0 ft

13.87 m [45.5 ft]

1.37 m [4.5 ft]

0.91 m [3.0 ft]

1.28 m [ 4.2 ft ]

1.22 m [4.0 ft]

1.35 m [4.4 ft] 20.42 m [67.0 ft]

5.30 m [17.4 ft

1.22 m [4.0 ft]

5.94 m [19.5 ft]

22.40 m [73.5 ft] 0

5 ft

0

10 ft

1m

2.5 m

Scale

...