A Project Report on " BEHAVIOUR OF CONCRETE BY PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF COARSE AGGREGATE WITH RECYCLED PLASTIC GRANULES " PDF

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VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY BELAGAVI, KARNATAKA-590018 A Project Report on BEHAVIOUR OF CONCRETE BY PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF COARSE AGGREGATE WITH RECYCLED PLASTIC GRANULES Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN CIVIL ENGI...

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VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY BELAGAVI, KARNATAKA-590018

A Project Report on BEHAVIOUR OF CONCRETE BY PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF COARSE AGGREGATE WITH RECYCLED PLASTIC GRANULES Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN CIVIL ENGINEERING Submitted by

Prabesh Thapa

1ox11cv018

Sanju Bhandari

1ox11cv032

Sekandar Shah

1ox11cv035

Shweta Chaurasia

1ox11cv038

Under the guidance of Mr. SHIVANAND C G Asst. Professor, Dept. Of Civil Engineering

Department of Civil Engineering THE OXFORD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING BENGALURU-560068

THE OXFORD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING BOMMANAHALLI, BENGALURU-560068

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project work entitled “BEHAVIOUR OF CONCRETE BY PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF COARSE AGGREGATE WITH RECYCLED PLASTIC GRANULES “carried out by Prabesh Thapa (1ox11cv018), Sanju Bhandari (1ox11cv032), Shweta Chaurasia (1ox11cv038), Sayed Sekandar Shah (1ox11cv035), are bonafide students of “The Oxford college of Engineering” , In partial

fulfilment for the award of the “Degree of Bachelor of Engineering”. Prescribed by Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the academic year 2014-15. It is certified that all the suggestions indicated for internal assessment have been incorporated in the report deposited in the departmental library. The project report has been approved as it certifies the academic requirements in respect of project work prescribed for the said degree. Dr. Amarnath K Head of the department Department of Civil Engineering.

Examiner

Mr. Shivanand C G Project Guide Department of Civil

Signature

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DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATES

We, Sanju Bhandari, Prabesh Thapa, Sayed Sekandar Shah, and Shweta Chaurasia hereby declare that the project report entitled "study of behaviour of concrete by partial replacement of coarse aggregate by recycled plastic granules", under the guidance of Prof. Shivanand is submitted in the fulfilment of the requirements for the MAIN-PROJECT. This is a bonafide work carried out by us and the results embodied in this project report have not been reproduced/copied from any source. The results embodied in this project report have not been submitted to any other university or institution for the award of any other degree or diploma.

Date: Place:

Civil Engineering Department TOCE, Bangalore

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT A project work is a job of great enormity and it can’t be accomplished by an individual all by them. Eventually I am grateful to a number of individuals whose professional guidance assistance and encouragement have made it a pleasant endeavour to undertake this project. I have a great pleasure in expressing my deep sense of gratitude to founder Chairman S. Narasa Raju and our Executive Director S.N.V.L. Narasimha Raju for having provided us with a great infrastructure and well-furnished labs. I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude to my principal Dr. RAJENDRA PRASAD for his constant support and encouragement. I am grateful to Dr. AMARNATH.K., HOD, department of Civil Engineering, for his encouragement and suggestion for the project work. Guidance and Deadlines plays a very important role in successful completion of the project on time. I also convey my gratitude to Mr. SHIVANAND C G Lecturer, Department of civil engineering, for having constantly monitored the development of the project and setting up precise deadlines. The satisfaction and excitement that accompany the successful completion of the task would be great but incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible with their constant guidance and encouragement crowns all the efforts with success. In this context, we would like thank all the other staff members, both teaching and non-teaching, who have extended their timely help and eased our task.

PRABESH THAPA 1OX11CV018 SANJU BHANDARI 1OX11CV032 SAYED SEKANDAR SHAH 1OX11CV035 SHWETA CHAURASIA 1OX11CV038

ABSTRACT In this paper low density poly ethylene (LDPE) granules used as replacement for coarse aggregate for producing concrete cubes and cylinders has been investigated and reported. LDPE based concrete cubes and cylinders were cast manually and the strength of the test concrete in terms of compression and split tension were experimentally evaluated. It is found that the strength of plastic replaced concrete in terms of compression and split tension can be comparable with the conventional concrete.

The present study is aimed at concrete mix with partial replacement of coarse aggregate by LDPE granules (0%, 10%, 20% and 30%) that will provide an advantage in reducing the dead weight of structure. This mix in the form of cubes and cylinders were subjected to compression and split tension to ascertain the strength parameter. Hence the use of plastic granules in concrete making is not only beneficial but also helpful in disposal of plastic wastes.

CONTENTS Title

Page No

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION 1.1

General Introduction………………………………………………..... 01

1.2

Objectives………………………………………………………………02

CHAPTER-2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 General…………………………………………………………………….03 2.2 Earlier Researches ………………………………………………………..03 2.3 Summary of the literature review………………………………………..06 CHAPTER-3 MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY 3.1 Plastic……………………………………………………………………. 08 3.1.1 Introduction and Properties…………………………………….……..08 3.1.2 Categories of Plastics……………………………………………………08 3.1.3 Health hazard…………………………………………………………...10 3.1.4 Climate Change…………………………………………………………11 3.1.5 Recycling………………………………………………………………...11 3.1.6 Low Density Poly Ethylene (LDPE)……………………………………12 3.2 Cement…………………………………………………………………….15 3.2.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………..15 3.2.2 Type of cement…………………………………………………………..15 3.2.3 Curing…………………………………………………………………...16

3.2.4 Safety Issues……………………………………………………………. 16 3.2.5 Cement Production in world………………………………………….. 16 3.2.6 Environmental Impacts………………………………………………... 17 3.2.7 Green Cement………………………………………………………….. 18 3.3 Aggregates: Fine Aggregates…………………………………………… 19 3.3.1 Introduction………………………………………………………….… 19 3.3.2 Composition……………………………………………………………..19 3.3.3 Study……………………………………………………………………..20 3.3.4 Uses………………………………………………………………………21 3.3.5 Resources and environmental concerns………………………………..23 3.3.6 Hazards………………………………………………………………….23 3.4 Aggregates: Coarse Aggregates………………………………………….24 3.4.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………..24 3.4.2 History…………………………………………………………………...25 3.4.3 Modern Production……………………………………………………..25 3.4.4 Recycled Materials for aggregates……………………………………..25 CHAPTER-4 RESULTS AND OBSERVATIONS 4.1 Tests on Cement…………………………………………………………...28 4.1.1 Standard Consistency of cement……………………………………….28 4.1.2 Setting time of cement…………………………………………………..29 4.1.3 Specific gravity of cement……………………………………………… 31 4.2 Tests on fine aggregates…………………………………………………...32

4.2.1 Specific gravity of sand…………………………………………………32 4.2.2 Water absorption test…………………………………………………...33 4.2.3 Particle size distribution of sand………………………………………..34 4.3 Tests on coarse aggregate (20mm down size aggregate)………………35 4.3.1 Specific gravity and water absorption test……………………………..35 4.4Concrete Mix Design………………………………………………………38 4.4.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………..38 4.4.2 Requirements of concrete mix design…………………………………..39 4.4.3 Types of mixes…………………………………………………………...39 4.4.4 Factors affecting the choice of mix proportions……………………….40 4.4.5 Mix proportion designations……………………………………………42 4.5 Tests on Concrete………………………………………………………….47 4.5.1 Slump test………………………………………………………………..47 4.5.2 Compaction factor test………………………………………………….49 4.5.3 Compressive strength test………………………………………………51 4.5.4 Split tensile test………………………………………………………….57

CHAPTER-5 CONCLUSION 5.1 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………64 5.2 Advantages and Disadvantages…………………………………………..64 5.3 Scope of future work………………………………………………………65 REFERNCES…………………………………………………………………67

LIST OF FIGURES S.No.

Page No.

3.1 LDPE granules……………………………………………………………14 4.1 Concrete mixing…………………………………………………………..46 4.2 Slump test…………………………………………………………………47 4.3 Compaction factor test…………………………………………………...49 4.4 Compressive strength test………………………………………………..57 4.5 Split tensile test…………………………………………………………... 63 I. Recycled plastic granules………………………………………………… 70 II. Concrete mixer in the lab…………………………………………………70 III. Preparation of mould…………………………………………………….71 IV Moulds kept for setting…………………………………………………...71 V. Casted concrete cubes and cylinders……………………………………..72 VI. Compressive strength testing in the lab………………………………...73 VII Split tensile test…………………………………………………………. 74 VIII. Concrete specimen after failure…………………………………….. 74

LIST OF TABLES S.No.

Page No.

4.1 Normal Consistency of cement …………………………………………...28 4.2 Setting time of cement…………………………………………………….30 4.3 Specific gravity of cement………………………………………………...31 4.4 Properties of cement ……………………………………………………...32 4.5 Specific gravity of sand……………………………………………………33 4.6 Water absorption of sand…………………………………………………33 4.7 Sieve analysis of Fine Aggregate…………………………………………35 4.8 Properties of fine aggregates …………………………………………….35 4.9 Specific gravity and water absorption of coarse aggregate……………..37 4.10 Properties of coarse aggregates…………………………………………37 4.11 Properties of Low Density Poly Ethylene (LDPE)……………………...38 4.12 Calculation of plastic granules weight for the mix……………………..46 4.13 Observation for slump test………………………………………………48 4.14 Compaction factor test…………………………………………………..50 4.15 Compressive strength test……………………………………………….52 4.16 Split Tensile Test…………………………………………………………58

LIST OF GRAPHS S. No.

Page No.

4.1 Comparison of slump value………………………………………………48 4.2 Comparison of compaction factor test…………………………………...51 4.3 Comparison of Compressive strength……………………………………53 4.3(a) Compressive strength of 0% vs 10%.....................................................53 4.3(b) Compressive strength of 0% vs 20%.....................................................54 4.3(c) Compressive strength of 0% vs 30% ………………………………….55 4.3(d) Compressive strength of 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% ………………...56 4.4 Comparison of split tensile strength……………………………………...59 4.4(a) Split tensile strength of 0% vs 10%........................................................59 4.4(b) Split tensile strength of 0% vs 20%.......................................................60 4.4(c) Split tensile strength of 0% vs 30%........................................................61 4.4(d) Split tensile strength of 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% ………………….62

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

Behaviour of concrete by partial replacement of coarse aggregate with recycled plastic granules

CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION 1.1 General Introduction The problem of disposing and managing solid waste materials in all countries has become one of the major environmental, economical, and social issues. A complete waste management system including source reduction, reuse, recycling, land-filling, and incineration needs to be implemented to control the increasing waste disposal problems. Typically a plastic is not recycled into the same type of plastic products made from recycled plastics are often not recyclable. The use of biodegradable plastics is increasing. If some of these get mixed in the other plastics for recycling, the reclaimed plastic is not recyclable because the variance in properties and melt temperatures.

The purpose of this project is to evaluate the possibility of using granulated plastic waste materials to partially substitute for the coarse aggregate in concrete composites.

Among different waste fractions, plastic waste deserves special attention on account nonbiodegradable property which is creating a lot of problems in the environment. In India approximately 40 million tons of solid waste is produced annually. This is increasing at a rate of 1.5 to 2% every year. Plastics constitute 12.3% of total waste produced most of which is from discarded water bottles. The plastic waste cannot be disposed off by dumping or burning, as they produce uncontrolled fire or contaminate the soil and vegetation. Considerable researches and studies were carried out in some countries like USA and UK on this topic. However, there have been very limited studies in India on plastics in concrete. Hence an attempt on the utilization of waste Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) granules as partial replacement of coarse aggregate is done and its mechanical behaviour is investigated.

Dept. of Civil Engineering, TOCE, BANGALORE

Page 1

Behaviour of concrete by partial replacement of coarse aggregate with recycled plastic granules

1.2 Objectives

 To compare the compressive strength of Recycled Plastics used as Coarse Aggregate for Constructional Concrete with the Conventional concrete.

 To know its applications in construction industry.

 To reduce the pressure on naturally available materials by replacing it with recycled plastic aggregate.

 To compare the physical characteristics of natural aggregate with Plastic recycled aggregate.

 To study the behavior of fresh and hardened concrete reinforced with plastic waste coarse aggregate.

 To produce lightweight polymer concrete for multi-purpose use.

Dept. of Civil Engineering, TOCE, BANGALORE

Page 2

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

Behaviour of concrete by partial replacement of coarse aggregate with recycled plastic granules

CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 General The purpose of this lesson is to have a broad understanding of using alternative materials with the replacement of coarse aggregate using Low Density Poly Ethylene (LDPE).

2.2 Earlier Researches [1] “Recycled Plastics as Coarse Aggregate for Structural Concrete”: Praveen Mathew, Shibi Varghese, Thomas Paul, Eldho Varghese (2013) The use of plastic is increasing day by day, although steps were taken to reduce its consumption. This creates substantial garbage every day which is much unhealthy. A healthy and sustainable reuse of plastics offers a host of advantages. The suitability of recycled plastics as coarse aggregate in concrete and its advantages are discussed here. The initial questions arising of the bond strength and the heat of hydration regarding plastic aggregate were solved. Tests were conducted to determine the properties of plastic aggregate such as density, specific gravity and aggregate crushing value. As 100% replacement of natural coarse aggregate (NCA) with plastic coarse aggregate (PCA) is not feasible, partial replacement at various percentage were examined. The percentage substitution that gave higher compressive strength was used for determining the other properties such as modulus of elasticity, split tensile strength and flexural strength. Higher compressive strength was found with 20% NCA replaced concrete. Heat resisting behaviour of the PCA concrete is also discussed in this study. [2] “Recycled plastics used as coarse aggregate for constructional concrete” SJB Institute of Technology, Bangalore Landfill sites are becoming overcrowded and expensive for waste disposal, efforts are made to minimize the quantities of materials that are delivered to landfills. The threat due to leaching of non-biodegradable materials like waste plastics, scrap tyres. E-waste may contaminate the soil and ground water. If the production of waste cannot be prevented, then it is attractive to create an alternative use in another process instead of disposal. The Dept. of Civil Engineering, TOCE, BANGALORE

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Behaviour of concrete by partial replacement of coarse aggregate with recycled plastic granules

benefits of plastic recycling can be economically advantageous, due to abundant availability lower cost for mixing with other variants like concrete, bitumen etc. The development of concrete with nonconventional aggregate, such as polystyrene foam wastes, HDPE, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and other plastic materials has been investigated for use in concrete in order to improve the properties of the concrete and reduce cost. The use of such plastic wastes in concrete will contribute to the sustainability of the concrete design and the natural environment.

The project aims at use of recycled plastic in concrete as a partial replacement of Coarse aggregate. The maximum percentage of aggregate replaced by shredded plastic as been determined based on detailed experimental study. The waste plastic of LDPE (Low Density Poly Ethylene) is collected from Bangalore south localities and mixed with OPC and sand in varying proportions (0%, 20%, 30%, and 40%). The compressive strength for each variant is determined in laboratory. [3] “Studies on Concrete containing E plastic waste” Lakshmi.R, K.L.N.College of Information Technology, Sivagangai Nagan.S, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai (2010) Utilization of waste materials and by-products is a partial solution to environmental and ecological problems. Use of these materials not only helps in getting them utilized in cement, concrete and other construction materials, it helps in reducing the cost of cement and concrete manufacturing, but also has numerous indirect benefits such as reduction in land-fill cost, saving in energy, and protecting the environment from possible pollution effects. Electronic waste, abbreviated as e-waste, consists of discarded old computers, TVs, refrigerators, radios – basically any electrical or electronic appliance that has reached its end-of-life.

Efforts have been made in the concrete industry to use non-

biodegradable components of E waste as a partial replacement of the coarse or fine aggregates. An experimental study is made on the utilization of E-waste particles as coarse aggregates in concrete with a percentage replacement ranging from 0 % to 30% on the strength criteria of M20 Concrete. Compressive strength, Tensile strength and Flexural strength of Concrete with and without E-waste as aggregates was observed which exhibits a good strength gain. Ultrasonic tests on strength properties were executed Dept. of Civil Engineering, TOCE, BANGALORE

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Behaviour of concrete by partial replacement of coarse aggregate with recycled plastic granules

and the feasibility of utilizing E plastic particles as partial replacement of coarse aggregate has been presented. [4] “Utilization of e-waste and plastic bottle waste in concrete” Ankit Arora, UG student Dr. Urmil V. Dave, Senior Professor, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad (2013) E-waste and plastic waste are the major problem in today scenario as these are nonbiodegradable. Attempts were made in past to use them in concrete by grinding them. But it failed to give good strength because grinded particle has flattened shape. Grinded plastic and e waste mixed with concrete is a good way to dispose them with cheap concrete production. The following paper deals with the grinding, rubbing and mixing technique to use e-waste and plastic waste in concrete. E-waste from electrical and electronic equipment, that may be old or might have reached end of life and plastic waste from plastic mineral and cold drink bottles were collected and grinded to size of 2 mm using pulverizing machine. The grinded pieces were rubbed against each other with friction roller machine designed and fabricated by the authors. It is done to develop roughness and make grinded pieces shape irregular so that they can bond well with cement when mixed with it. A mix design was d...