Activity 2 - Skeletal System i dont want canton PDF

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Activity 2 – Skeletal System Name the 5 functions of the skeleton -Bones make up the skeleton and provide the rigid framework that supports the body. -Protect vulnerable organs -They also make body movements possible by anchoring points for muscles and acts as levers for joints. -Store fats -Serves ...

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Activity 2 – Skeletal System 1. Name the 5 functions of the skeleton

-Bones make up the skeleton and provide the rigid framework that supports the body. -Protect vulnerable organs -They also make body movements possible by anchoring points for muscles and acts as levers for joints. -Store fats -Serves as storehouse of chemicals (calcium and phosphorus) 2. Outline the 2 dimensions of the skeletal system. Give the composition and number of bones of each. AXIAL SKELETON Skeleton - Cranium (8) - Face (14) Hyoid Bone (1) Auditory Ossicles (6) Vertebral Column (26) Thorax -Sternum (1) - Ribs (24) Number of bones=80

APPENDICULAR SKELETON Pectoral (shoulder) Girdles -

Clavicle (2) Scapula (2)

Upper Limbs -

Ulna (2) Humerus (2) Radius (2) Carpals (16) Metacarpals (10)

-

Phalanges (28)

Pelvic (hip) Girdle -

Hip, pelvic or coxal bone (2)

Lower Limbs - 2 Femur

- 2 Tibia - 2 Fibula - 2 Patella - 14 Tarsals ( by 7 ) - 10 Metacarpals ( by 5 ) - 28 Phalanges ( by 14 ) Number of bones = 126

Total number of bones in an Adult Skeleton = 206

3. Draw and label fully:

b. Facial bones

c. Carpal bones

d. Tarsal bones

4. Bone Markings 4.1. Processes

Crest

Description A narrow ridge

Epicondyle

A projection superior to a condyle

Line

A slightly raised, elongated ridge

Process

Any bony prominence

Function The epicondyle attaches muscle and connective tissue to bone, providing support to this musculoskeletal system. It serves as a point of attachment for tendons and ligaments. Tendons connect muscle to bone while ligaments connect bones to other bones. As with all bones, an epicondyle has the possibility of breaking. provides an attachment surface on its inferomedial side for the semispinalis capitis muscle, and on its inferolateral side for the obliquus capitis superior. a small bony projection off the right and left side of each vertebrae. The two transverse processes of each vertebrae function as the site of attachment for muscles and ligaments of the spine as well as the

Location Crests are often the sites where connective tissue attaches muscle to bone. The iliac crest is found on the ilium The medial epicondyle is located on the distal end of the humerus.

nuchal lines of the skull

Transverse process of vertebrae

point of articulation of the ribs (in the thoracic spine). It is at the superior extent of the ligamentum nuchae that connects the cervical vertebrae to the skull. The external occipital protuberance of the occipital bone is of functional importance because it is the origin for: the trapezius muscle. It gives your body structure and support. It allows you to move about freely and to bend with flexibility. The spine is also designed to protect your spinal cord. The spinal cord is a column of nerves that connects your brain with the rest of your body, allowing you to control your movements.

Protuberance

A bony outgrowth or protruding part

Spine

A sharp, slender, or narrow process

Trochanter

Two massive processes unique to the femur

A trochanter is a tubercle of the femur near its joint with the hip bone. In humans and most mammals, the trochanters serve as important muscle attachment sites.

A trochanter is a tubercle of the femur near its joint with the hip bone. In humans and most mammals, the trochanters serve as important muscle attachment sites.

Tubercle

A small, rounded

In the human

located laterally on

mental protuberance of the chin

spine of the scapula

Tuberosity

process

skeleton, a tubercle or tuberosity is a protrusion that serves as an attachment for skeletal muscles. The muscles attach by tendons, where the enthesis is the connective tissue between the tendon and bone.

A rough elevated surface

A moderate prominence where muscles and connective tissues attach. Its function is similar to that of a trochanter.

the humerus and has anterior and posterior surfaces. It serves as an attachment site for three of the rotator cuff muscles supraspinatus, infraspinatus and teres minor they attach to superior, middle and inferior facets (respectively) on the greater tubercle. It's located just below the ischial spine, which is a pointed bone that extends up the backside of your pelvis.

4.2. Fossae Notch Curved

Description depression Trochlear

Fossa

A shallow, broad, or

Function Location provides stabilization notch of the ulna to an adjacent articulating bone. The articulating bone will slide into and out of the notch, guiding the range of motion of the joint. Examples include the trochlear notch on the ulna, radial notch of the ulna, suprasternal notch, and the mandibular notch. Here it may receive trochlear fossa,

elongated basin

Fovea

A small pit

Sulcus

A groove for a tendon, nerve, or blood vessel

Foramen

A hole through a bone, usually round

another articulating bone or act to support brain structures. The fovea is responsible for sharp central vision (also called foveal vision), which is necessary in humans for reading, driving, and any activity where visual detail is of primary importance. The fovea is surrounded by the parafovea belt, and the perifovea outer region. the folds or bumps in the brain and sulci (singular: sulcus) are the indentations or grooves. Folding of the cerebral cortex creates gyri and sulci which separate brain regions and increase the brain's surface area and cognitive ability. is an opening that allows the passage of structures from one region to another. In the skull base, there are numerous foramina that transmit cranial nerves, blood vessels and other structures – these are collectively referred to as the cranial foramina.

posterior, middle, and anterior cranial fossa. fovea capitis of the femur

Intertubercular sulcus of the humerus

foramen magnum of the skull

4.3 Disorders of Skeletal System

1. Osteoporosis

2. Paget’s Disease

3. Spina Bifida

4. Fractures

Description Osteoporosis is a disease of the bones that leads to an increased risk of fracture. In osteoporosis, the bone mineral density (BMD) is reduced, bone microarchitecture deteriorates, and the amount and variety of proteins in bone is altered. The three main mechanisms by which osteoporosis develop are an inadequate peak bone mass (the skeleton develops insufficient mass and strength during growth), excessive bone resorption, and inadequate formation of new bone during remodeling. An interplay of these three mechanisms underlies the development of fragile bone tissue. The form of osteoporosis most common in women after menopause is referred to as primary type 1 or postmenopausal osteoporosis Paget’s disease of bone is a chronic disorder that can result in enlarged and misshapen bones. The excessive breakdown and formation of bone tissue causes affected bone to weaken, resulting in pain, misshapen bones, fractures, and arthritis in the joints near the affected bones. Spina bifida (Latin: “split spine”) is a developmental congenital disorder caused by the incomplete closing of the embryonic neural tube. Some vertebrae overlying the spinal cord are not fully formed and remain unfused and open. A bone fracture is a medical condition in which there is damage to the continuity of a bone.

5. Fractures of the Vertebral Column

6. Compression Fractures

7. Cervical Fractures

8. Rib Fracture

9. Hip Fracture

10. Clavicle Fracture

A spinal fracture (or vertebral fracture) is a fracture affecting the bones of the spinal column. They can affect the cervical vertebrae (a cervical fracture), the thoracic, or the lumbar regions. A compression fracture is a collapse of vertebra. It may be due to trauma or a weakening of the vertebra. This weakening is seen in patients with osteoporosis or osteogenesis imperfecta, lytic lesions from metastatic or primary tumors, or infection. A cervical fracture is commonly called a broken neck. There are seven cervical vertebrae (neck bones) in the human neck, and the fracture of any can be catastrophic. The most common causes are traffic accidents or diving into shallow water. A rib fracture is a break or fracture in one or more of the bones making up the rib cage. Fractures of the first and second ribs may be more likely to be associated with head and facial injuries than other rib fractures. A hip fracture is a serious femoral fracture that occurs in the proximal end of the femur (the long bone running through the thigh), near the hip. The term “hip fracture” is commonly used to refer to four different fracture patterns and is often due to osteoporosis; in the vast majority of cases, a hip fracture is a fragility fracture due to a fall or minor trauma in someone with weakened osteoporotic bone. A clavicle fracture is a bone fracture in the clavicle, or collarbone. It is often caused by a fall onto an outstretched upper extremity, a fall onto a shoulder, or a direct blow to the clavicle....