Admin Law Week 8 – Jurisdictional Error PDF

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Admi nLaw Week8–Jur i sdi ct i onalEr r or SomeBack gr oundCont ex t : Thel awt hatc ont r ol spubl i cpoweri sf oundedont heex pec t at i onofPar l i amentt hatt heJ udi c at ur e wi l lf ai t hf ul l yc ont r ol t heex er c i s eofpowerbyl awf ulc ons t r ai nt ,r ec ogni z i ngt hepr opers pher esof powerandr es pons i bi l i t yt hatr es i dei nt he3Chapt er soft heCons t i t ut i on: 1. Par l i ament ar ypoweri st heex pr es si onoft hewi l l oft hemaj or i t yi nt hepl ur al democ r at i c pr oces s . 2. Ex ec ut i v epoweri st heex ec ut i onoft hatPar l i ament ar ywi l landt hec onf or mi ngandl awf ul pol i c i esoft heel ec t edgov er nment . 3. J udi c i al powerf ul fi l sas uper v i s or yandpr ot ec t i v ef unct i onov ert heex ec ut i onoft he democ r at i cwi l l .

J udi c i al Power : J udi c i al Poweri st heonl yf or m ofpubl i cpowert hathas ,aspar tofi t ses s ent i alc har ac t er ,apr ot ec t i v e nat ur e.Aswass ai di nKi r kvI ndus t r i alRel at i onsCommi s s i onofNewSout hWal es[ 2010]HCA1;239 CLR531at[ 99] : Ther ei sbutonec ommonl awofAus t r al i a.Thes uper v i s or yj ur i s di c t i onex er c i s edbyt heSt at e Supr emeCour t sbyt hegr antofpr er ogat i v er el i eforor der si nt henat ur eoft hatr el i efi sgov er nedi n f undament alr es pec t sbypr i nc i pl eses t abl i s hedaspar toft hec ommonl awofAus t r al i a.Thati s ,t he s uper v i s or yj ur i sdi c t i onex er c i s edbyt heSt at eSupr emeCour t si sex er c i s edac c or di ngt opr i nc i pl es t hati nt heendar es etbyt hi sCour t .Todepr i veaSt at eSupr emeCour tofi t ssuper vi sor y j ur i sdi ct i onenf or ci ngt hel i mi t sont heexer ci seofSt at eexecut i veandj udi ci alpowerby per sonsandbodi esot hert hant hatCour twoul dbet ocr eat ei sl andsofpoweri mmunef r om super vi si onandr est r ai nt .… [ Ci t at i onsomi t t edandmyemphas i s ] S75( v) :Embodi est hemi ni mum st andar dofl awf ul ness  Foundat i onoft hec ont r olofpubl i cpoweri ss 75( v )oft heCons t i t ut i on–atbot has t at eand f eder all ev el .  Emer gi ngf r om t hi sf oundat i onar et her el at ednot i onsofj ur i s di ct i onal aut hor i t yand j ur i s di ct i onal er r or : o Bot hmandat eani r r educ i bl emi ni mum s t andar dofl awf ul nes si nt heex er c i s eofal l publ i cpower . o SeePl ai nt i ffS157/ 2002vCommonweal t h[ 2003]HCA2;211CLR476at[ 5] ,[ 98]and [ 103] -[ 104] :Her e,t heHi ghCour tmadec l eart hatt hej ur i s di c t i onoft heCour tt ogr ant r el i efunders75( v )c annotbet ak enawayandhasanent r enc hedmi ni mum s t andar d ofj udi c i alr ev i ew.Thus ,s75( v )c annotbeunder mi nedbyPar l i ament .  TheHi ghCour temphas i s edi nKi r kt hi sf undament alCons t i t ut i onalc onc eptl i v esi nt he c ommonl aw.St at ut esar ec ons t r uedbyr ef er enc et ot hec ommonl aw,andwi t hav i ewt o l ooki ngt ot hes ubs t anc eoft heex er c i s eofpower ,noti t sf or m,byt hedefi ni ngc har ac t er i s t i cs f ai r nes s ,i mpar t i al i t yandequal i t y .  Gr aham vMi ni s t erf orI mmi gr at i onandBor derPr ot ec t i onandTePui avMi ni s t erf or I mmi gr at i onandBor derPr ot ec t i on[ 2017]HCA33;347ALR350:t heHCdi s c us s edt he mi ni mum ent r enc heds t andar dofj udi c i al s c r ut i nyast ol awf ul nes sandl egal i t y .  AsGl ees onCJs ai di nPl ai nt i ffS157,t hi ss ec ur esabas i cel ementoft her ul eofl aw.The pr i nc i pl esofc ont r olr es tuponl awf ulaut hor i t y,t hati s ,uponj ur i s di c t i on,whi c hi nt ur ndepend

( i nr es pec tofpowers our c edi ns t at ut e)uponst at ut or yaut hor i t ydel i mi t edbyc ommonl aw r ul esofs t at ut or yi nt er pr et at i onandupont hewhol eoft hec ommonl awandi t sv al ues. Jur i sdi ct i onalEr r or( subj ectt oJR)  J ur i s di c t i oni st heaut hor i t yt omak eadec i s i on–i ti st hec onf er r alofpowert ot hedec i s i onmak ert or es ol v eaques t i onf orwhi c ht hes t at ut epr ov i des .  Jur i sdi ct i oni snotanabsol ut e: o I nKi r k ,t heHi ghCour ts ai dt hat‘ j ur i s di c t i on’i snotamet aphy s i c al abs ol ut e( ands o notadi s cer ni bl e,defi nabl ec oncept i on)buts i mpl yane x pr es si onoft hegr av i t yoft he er r or .  Defini t i onofJE: o Ref er r i ngt oReRef ugeeRev i ewTr i bunal ;Expar t eAal a[ 2000]HCA57;204CLR 82 at141[ 163]ast ot hedi ffic ul t yofdr awi nganybr i ghtl i nedi s t i nc t i onbet weener r or s wi t hi nandout s i deaut hor i t y ,j ur i sdi ct i onaler r ori st hemaki ngofadeci si on out si det hel i mi t sofaut hor i t y. o Pr of :I ti sapr ocessofhumanendeavorast owhatconst i t ut esJE.JEi sa st at ementofconcl usi oni nr el at i ont ot hei dent i ficat i onofer r or swhi chwoul d r endersuchadeci si onnul l i t y( i nval i d) . o Cour t shav et r adi t i onal l ydr awnadi s t i nc t i onbet weenj ur i s di c t i onalandnonj ur i s di ct i onal er r or s :  J Ear ef at ali nt hatt heyt ot al l yi nv al i dat et hedec i s i onmade–bec aus et hey i nv ol v et r i bunal s ,c our t soroffic i al sass umi ngpower st hatar enotal l ot t edt o t hem:c ompl et enul l i t i esf r om bi r t handc annotbepr ot ec t edbyous t erc l aus es .  Ont hec ont r ar y ,er r or sc l as s i fi edasnonJ Ear enonf at al :t heys t andwi t h l egalf or c eunt i lov er t ur ned.Theyar enotv oi dbutmer el yv oi dabl e.  Not et hatt hi sdi s t i nc t i oni snonabs ol ut e.Pr oj ec tBl ueSk y :t hel egal andf ac t ual c ons equencesoft hedec i s i on,i fany ,wi l l dependupon t hepar t i c ul ars t at ut e. o Cour t st endt oc l as s i f yer r or sasj ur i s di ct i onal wheni tenabl est hem t oov er c ome ex c l us i onorpr i v at i v ec l aus espur por t i ngt opr ot ec tt hedec i s i onofat r i bunalorboar d f r om l egalc hal l enge.  EffectofJE:Byr ul i ngt hataJEwasmade,acour tcandecl ar et hatt her esul t i ng deci si onwasanul l i t yandt her ef or enoti mmunef r om JR. o AJ Ec an/ wi l l :  Mak eadec i s i onc ompl et el yv oi d;  Ent i t l eac l ai mantt oawr i t / anor deri nt henat ur eofawr i t ;and  Def eatanoust erc l aus e. J ur i s di c t i onalEr r ormus tbeMat er i al( i e.mak eadi ffer enc et ot hedec i s i on)  I nHos s ai nvMi ni s t erf orI mmi gr at i onandBor derPr ot ect i on[ 2018]HCA34;359ALR1,Ki ef el CJ ,Gagel erandKeaneJ Js ai dt hel anguageofj ur i sdi ct i onaler r orwasar eflect i onoft he f unct i onoft hecour ti nhol di ngr eposi t or i esofpowert ot hei raut hor i t y .Jur i sdi ct i oni s t hescopeofaut hor i t yconf er r ed.Jur i sdi ct i onaler r ori st heexer ci seofpowerbeyond t heconf er r edaut hor i t y .Thec har ac t er i s at i onoft heer r orasj ur i s di c t i onal ,asonet ak i ngt he ex er c i s eofpowerbey ondt hes our c e,t hej ur i s di c t i onalaut hor i t y ,dependsont hegr av i t yoft he er r or .Thedi s c er nmentoft heext entofdepar t ur edepends( i ft hes our c eofpowerbe s t at ut or y )ont hes t at ut eandi t scons t r uct i on,agai ns tt hec ommonl awandi t sv al ues . I mpor t ant l y ,t hepl ur al i t yr ef er r edt ot hec ommonl awpr i nc i pl es ,whi c hi nf or mt hec ons t r uc t i on ofs t at ut esr ef er r edt oi nt hei mpor t antpas s agei nPl ai nt i ffS10/ 2011vMi ni s t erf orI mmi gr at i on andCi t i z ens hi p[ 2012]HCA31;246CLR636at666[ 97]andt heyadded:

… Thos ec ommonl awpr i nc i pl esar enotder i v edbyl ogi cal oneandc annotbet r eat ed asabs t r act i onsdi s connect edf r om t hes ubj ec tmat t ert owhi c ht heyar et obeappl i ed. Theyar enots odel i c at eorr efinedi nt hei roper at i ont hats i ghti sl os toft hef ac tt hat “ dec i s i onmaki ngi saf unc t i onoft her ealwor l d. ” I ngi v i ngc ont entt ot heneedf ort henec es s ar ygr av i t yt hei rHonour sl i ght edon“ mat er i al i t y” : Thes t at ut ei sor di nar i l yt obei nt er pr et edasi ncor por at i ngat hr es hol dofmat er i al i t yi n t heev entofnonc ompl i anc e.  

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Or di nar i l y ,er r orcannotbemat er i alunl essi tcoul dhavemadeadi ffer encet ot he deci si on. HCi nex pr es si ngi t s el fast oJ Eac cept edadegr eeofdefi ni t i onofqual i f y i nger r or sbut qual i fi eds uc hwi t hamor egener al c at egor yofanyer r orwhi chamount st oamat er i al br eachofane xpr essori mpl i edcondi t i onoft heval i dexer ci seoft hepower . o T ounder s t andwhater r or smi ghtbemat er i als oast obej ur i s di c t i onal ,weneedt o r ev er tt os t at ut eandt oc ommonl aw. o Ex ampl e:LegalUnr easonabl eness Pr of :Not i onofgr avi t y–soci al / pol i t i calaspectofpr ot ect i vepowerofj udi ci alr evi ew comesi n.Whet herornott hebr eachi ssuffici ent l yser i ous/ gr ave–doesi tal ways r endert hedeci si oni nval i dt hen?

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Mi ni s t erf orI mmi gr at i onvLi :t heHi ghCour tmadec l eart hatl egalr easonabl enes soran abs enceofl egalunr eas onabl enes swasanes s ent i al el ementofl awf uldec i s i onmak i ng. Par l i amenti st obet ak ent oi nt endt hats t at ut or ypowerwi l lbeex er c i s edr eas onabl y . Thi sgr oundr es t sont hepr emi s et hat : o … whenadi s c r et i onar ypoweri ss t at ut or i l yc onf er r edonar epos i t or y ,t hepowermus t beex er c i s er eas onabl y ,f ort hel egi s l at ur ei st ak ent oi nt endt hatt hedi s c r et i onbes o ex er c i s ed. I nMi ni s t erf orI mmi gr at i onandBor derPr ot ec t i onvSi ngh[ 2014]FCAFC1;231FCR437and Mi ni s t erf orI mmi gr at i onandBor derPr ot ec t i onvSt r et t on[ 2016]FCAFC11,237FCR1at35 [ 2] [ 13] ,t heFul lCour toft heFeder alCour ts oughtt oemphas i s et hatt hec onc eptofl egal unr eas onabl enes s ,i sunr eas onabl enes st hati ssuffici ent l ygr aveast ot ak et hedec i s i on out si det hej us t i f y i ngs our c eoft hepower . AsGagel erJs ai di nMi ni s t erf orI mmi gr at i onandBor derPr ot ec t i onvSZVFW [ 2018]HCA30; 357ALR408at423424[ 59] : … Reas onabl enes si si t s el fat r adi t i onalc oncept i onoft hec ommonl aw–at r ans l at i on of“ t hehumani nt ot hel egal . ”Reas onabl enes si snotex haus t edbyr at i onal i t y ;i ti s i nher ent l ysensi t i vet ocont ext ;i tc annotber educ edt of or mul ar y .I nt he di s c er nmentofunr eas onabl enes s ,“ [ t ] her ear enot al i s mani cwor dst hatc anav oi dt he pr oces sofj udgment . ”

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Thebr oadc onceptofl egalunr eas onabl enes senc ompas s est hewhol edec i s i on–howi ti s r eac hed,i t sev i dentandi nt el l i gi bl ej us t i fi c at i on,ornot ;whet heri ti sunr eas onabl eorpl ai nl y unj us t ,notasaper s onal v i ew,butt hati tc oul dnotbev i ewedasot her wi s e;t hel egi t i mac yof t her eas oni ngpr oc es sandf actfi ndi ng–notas s es s edbyapr oces sofappel l at er ev i ewbut

whet hers uc hr eas oni ngpr oc essorf ac tfi ndi ngar el egal l yopen.AsAl l s opCJs oughtt o ex pr es si ti nSt r et t onat56[ 11] [ 12] : o

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Theboundar i esofpowermaybedi ffic ul tt odefi ne.Theev al uat i onofwhet hera dec i s i onwasmadewi t hi nt hos eboundar i esi sconduct edbyr ef er encet ot he r el evantst at ut e,i t st er ms,scopeandpur pose,suchoft heval uest owhi chI haver ef er r edasar er el evantandanyot herval uesexpl i ci tori mpl i ci ti nt he st at ut e.Thewei ghtandr el ev anc eofanyr el ev antv al ueswi l l beappr oac hedby r ef er encet ot hes t at ut or ys our c eoft hepoweri nques t i on.Thet as ki snotdefi ni t i onal , butoneofchar act er i sat i on:t hedec i s i oni st obeev al uat ed,andac onc l us i on r eac hedast owhet heri thast hec har act erofbei ngunr eas onabl e,i ns uffic i ent l y l ac k i ngr at i onal f oundat i on,oranev i dentori nt el l i gi bl ej us t i fi c at i on,ori nbei ngpl ai nl y unj us t ,ar bi t r ar y ,c apr i c i ous ,orl ack i ngc ommons ens ehav i ngr egar dt ot het er ms , s c opeandpur pos eoft hes t at ut or ys our ceoft hepower ,s uc ht hati tc annotbes ai dt o bewi t hi nt her angeofpos s i bl el awf ul out c omesasanex er c i s eoft hatpower .… Cr uc i al t or emember ,howev er ,i st hatt het as kf ort heCour ti snott oas s es swhati t t hi nk si sr eas onabl eandt her ebyc onc l ude( asi fi nanappealc onc er ni ngbr eac hof dut yofc ar e)t hatanyot herv i ewdi s pl a y ser r or ;r at her ,t het aski st oeval uat et he qual i t yoft hedeci si on,byr ef er encet ot hest at ut or ysour ceoft hepowerand t hus,f r om i t sscope,pur poseandobj ect st oassesswhet heri ti sl awf ul .The under t aki ngoft hatt as kmays eet hedec i s i onc har act er i s edasl egal l yunr eas onabl e whet herbec aus eofs pec i fi ci dent i fi abl ej ur i s di c t i onaler r or ,ort hec onc l us i onor out c omer eac hed,ort her eas oni ngpr oces sut i l i s ed.

Thenot i onofl egal i t y( andl egalr eas onabl enes s )hasdev el opedt oi nc l udear ej ect i onof ser i ousi r r at i onal i t yorser i ousi l l ogi cal i t yi nReMi ni s t erf orI mmi gr at i onandMul t i c ul t ur al Affai r s ;Expar t eAppl i c antS20/ 2002[ 2003]HCA30;198ALR59at7173[ 53] -[ 60] ,Mi ni s t er f orI mmi gr at i on,Mul t i c ul t ur alandI ndi genousAffai r svSGLB[ 2004]HCA32;207ALR12at 2021[ 38] ,Mi ni s t erf orI mmi gr at i onandCi t i z ens hi pvSZMDS[ 2010]HCA16;240CLR611, andLi . o Thi snec es s ar i l yencompas s eshowf act sar ef ound.I ti saqual i t at i v er ev i ew,di r ect ed t ot hel egal i t yoft hedeci si on,nott ot hec or r ect nes soft hef ac t s .I ft hes t at ut e demands( ast hec ommonl awpr es umes )f ac t ualfi ndi ngwi t houts er i ousi r r at i onal i t y ori l l ogi c al i t yorc apr i c e,andi fi tdemandsanat t endanc et ot hec or r ec tt as k ,t hef ac t fi ndi ngpr oc es swi l lhav et obeex ami nedwi t hs omecar et oas s es swhet hert her ewas pr obat i v emat er i al ,whet hert heappr oac hwasi r r at i onal ori l l ogi calorl ac ki ngi n appar entj us t i fi c at i on,orwhet hert hepr oc es sot her wi s edi s pl ay sl egaler r or . Ex ampl esofunr eas onabl enes s : o t hatt hedec i s i onwasdev oi dofpl ausi bl ej us t i fi cat i on; o t hegi v i ngofex c es s i v eori nadequat ewei ghtt oac ons i der at i on; o mak i nganer r oneousfi ndi ngoff ac tonapoi ntofi mpor t anc e; o f ai l ur et ohav epr operr egar dt odepar t ment al pol i c yorr epr es ent at i on; o t heunneces s ar i l yhar s heffec toft hedec i s i on; o f ai l ur et ogi v egenui ne,pr operandr eal i s t i cc ons i der at i ont oamat t er ;i nc l udi ng mak i ngadequat ei nqui r yast of ac t ; o demons t r abl ei nc ons i s t enc ywi t hot herdec i s i ons ;and o di s c r i mi nat i onwi t houtar at i onal di s t i nct i on. I nMi ni s t erf orI mmi gr at i onandBor derPr ot ect i onvPandey[ 2014]FCA640at[ 41] ,Wi gneyJ hel pf ul l ys ummar i s edt hei mpor t anc eofLiandMi ni s t erf orI mmi gr at i onandBor derPr ot ect i on vSi ngh[ 2014]FCAFC1( Si ngh) ,asf ol l ows :

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( a)Ther equi r ementofr eas onabl enes sfl owsf r om ori sc onnec t edwi t hani mpl i ed l egi s l at i v ei nt ent i ont hatadi s c r et i onar ypowert hati ss t at ut or i l yc onf er r edmus tbe ex er c i s edr eas onabl y :Liat[ 29] ,[ 63] ,[ 88] ;Si nghat[ 43] . ( b)Legalunr eas onabl enes sc anbeac onc l us i onr eac hedbyas uper v i s i ngCour taf t er t hei dent i fi c at i onofanunder l y i ngj ur i s di ct i onal er r ori nt hedec i s i onmaki ngpr oces s . Ori tc anbeac onc l us i onr eac hedwi t houtnec es s ar i l yi dent i f y i nganot herj ur i s di c t i onal er r or :Liat[ 27] [ 28] ,[ 72] ;Si nghat[ 44] .I nt hel at t erc aseunr eas onabl enes smaybe t ak ent obeunr eas onabl enes sf r om whi c hanundi s c l os eder r ormaybei nf er r ed:Liat [ 27] ,[ 68] ;Si nghat[ 44] . ( c )Unr eas onabl enes sc anbei nf er r edwher et hedec i s i onappear st obear bi t r ar y , capr i ci ous,wi t houtcommonsenseor“ pl ai nl yunj ust ” :Liat[ 28] ,[ 110] ;Si nghat [ 44] . ( d)I nt hos ec i r c ums t ances ,wher er eas onsar egi v en,t hes uper v i s i ngCour ti s c onc er nedwi t hseei ngi ft her ei sanev i dent ,t r ans par entandi nt el l i gi bl ej us t i fi c at i on wi t hi nt hedec i s i onmak i ngpr oces s :Li at[ 105] ;Si nghat[ 44] [ 45] .Thei nt el l i gi bl e j us t i fi c at i onmus tl i ewi t hi nt her eas onsgi v enbyt hedeci s i onmak er :Si nghat[ 47] . ( e)Regar dc anal s obegi v ent ot heout c omeoft hedec i s i on:whet hert he“ dec i s i on f al l swi t hi nar angeofpos s i bl e,ac cept abl eout c omeswhi c har edef ens i bl ei nr es pec t off actandl aw” :Liat[ 105]( Gagel erJquot i ngDuns mui rvNewBr uns wi c k[ 2008]1 SCR190at220221;Si nghat[ 44] [ 45] . ( f )Thel egalst andar dofr easonabl enessandt hei ndi ci aofl egal unr easonabl enesswi l lneedt obef oundi nt hescope,subj ectandpur poseof t hepar t i cul arst at ut or ypr ovi si onsi ni ssuei nanygi vencase:Li at[ 67] ;Si nghat [ 48] .I nt hec as eofdi s c r et i onar ypower sv es t edi nt heTr i bunal ,t hel ocat i onoft hes e power si nt hes t at ut or ys c heme,asai dst ot heper f or manc eofar ev i ewf unc t i on,i s i mpor t ant :Si nghat[ 49] . ( g)Ther ei sanov er l apbet weent heobl i gat i oni ns360oft heAc tt oi nvi t eanappl i c ant t oahear i ngt opr es entev i denc eandar gument sandt heex er c i s eoft headj our nment di s c r et i oni ns363.I f ,byr eas onoft her ef us alofanadj our nmentappl i c at i on,an appl i c anti snotpr ov i dedwi t hanoppor t uni t yt opr es enthi sorherev i denc e,i tmi ght bec onc l udedt hatt hehear i ngc ont empl at eddi dnott ak epl ac e:Li at[ 62] ;Si nghat [ 51] [ 52] . ( h)Theov er r i di ngdut yoft heTr i bunalt or ev i ewadec i s i onmayr equi r et heT r i bunal , ac t i ngr eas onabl y ,t oc ons i dert heex er c i s eoft hedi s c r et i ont oadj our ni napar t i c ul ar c as e.Af ai l ur et oadj our nt oal l owav i s ac r i t er i ont obemetc an,i ns ome c i r c ums t anc es ,bes ounr eas onabl east oc ons t i t ut eaf ai l ur et or ev i ew:Liat[ 100] [ 102] . ( i )I tc annotbes ugges t edt hatt heTr i bunal i sunderanobl i gat i ont oaffor dev er y oppor t uni t yt oanappl i c antf orr ev i ewt opr es enthi sorherbes tpos si bl ec as eor i mpr ov eupont heev i denc e.I tmaydec i dei nanappr opr i at ec as et hat“ enoughi s enough” :Li at[ 82] .TheT r i bunal i sal s ounderadut yt or ev i ewdec i s i onswi t hi na r eas onabl et i me:Liat[ 102] . ( j )Pr oper l yappl i ed,as t andar dofl egalr eas onabl enes sdoesnoti nv ol v es ubs t i t ut i ng aCour t ’ sv i ewast ohowadi s c r et i ons houl dbeex er c i s edf ort hatofadec i s i onmak er : Li at[ 30] ,[ 66] ;Si nghat[ 47] .Thet estofl egalunr easonabl enes si ss t r i ngent :Liat [ 113] .

Ani smi ni cAppr oach( NotRel ev anti nAus t r al i a–SeeCr ai gbel ow) :

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