Agricultural Machinery & Mechanization PDF

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Page | i Createspace.com Page | ii Page | iii Agricultural Machinery & Mechanization Basic Concepts Segun R. Bello [MNSE, R. Engr. COREN] Page | iv Page | v Copyright © 2012 by Segun R. Bello Federal College of Agriculture Ishiagu, 480001 Nigeria [email protected]; [email protected] http:/...

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Agricultural Machinery & Mechanization Basic Concepts

Segun R. Bello [MNSE, R. Engr. COREN]

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Copyright © 2012 by Segun R. Bello Federal College of Agriculture Ishiagu, 480001 Nigeria [email protected]; [email protected] http://www.dominionpublishingstores.yolasite.com http://www.segzybrap.web.com +234 8068576763, +234 8062432694 All Rights Reserved

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ISBN-13: 978-1456328764

First published in June 2012 Printed by Createspace US

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Dedication

To Bukky, my Wife & Children

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Acknowledgement

Unlimited gratitude goes to God Almighty, the author of life and the giver of knowledge, for His grace and inspirations in the pursuit of this divine agenda in the course of my career. Glory be to His name. I sincerely thank all students, past and present, of the departments of agricultural technology, agricultural engineering and engineering technology, Federal College of Agriculture Ishiagu, Federal College of Agriculture Moor plantation Ibadan, College of Agriculture Jalingo and Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike and all who had come in contact with my books in various fields of agricultural engineering practice such as Farm power and machinery, Farm power and mechanization, and Horticultural machinery among several other related courses, whose teaching experiences and inputs were put together to form major part of this work. The contributions of various authors whose works; journals, manuals, monographs, books, articles and slides were sited or quoted wholly or in part and listed in the reference section of this book is acknowledged. I equally want to acknowledge authors whose names were not listed and wish to say that their contribution forms vital part of a major contribution to knowledge. My special thanks go to my dear friend, companion and wife, who had always backup the realization of God’s plan for me. She is a virtuous woman and help meet indeed. Her understanding and tolerance in taking full responsibility of running our home during the entire review and upgrade exercise are quite commendable. I am grateful to my children, Ayomikun, Pelumi, Damilola and Adeola, who were so wonderful and cooperative during this period. I am greatly encouraged and strengthened by their prayers, my God shall surely reward them. Amen

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Content

Preface xiii CHAPTER 1 Concepts of Agricultural Mechanization............................... 1 1.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Mechanization .................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Concepts of mechanization............................................................................. 2 1.3 Motorization and tractorization .................................................................... 18 1.4 Machine and human labour measurement ................................................. 19 CHAPTER 2 Agricultural Machinery and Development ............................ 21 2.0 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 21 2.1 2.1.1

Aspects of agricultural machinery ............................................................... 21 Development of agricultural machinery ...................................................... 22

2.1.2 2.2

Adaptation of agricultural machinery .......................................................... 23 Standardization of farm machinery.............................................................. 24

2.3 System approach to manufacturing ............................................................ 24 CHAPTER 3 Economics of Machinery Use .............................................. 25 3.0 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 25 3.1 Definition of economic variables.................................................................. 25 3.2 Machinery costs and categories .................................................................. 29 3.2.1 Fixed or ownership costs .............................................................................. 31 3.2.2 Operating costs ............................................................................................... 40 3.2.3 Timeliness costs ............................................................................................. 45 3.3 Decision making in machinery procurement ............................................. 46 3.4 Machinery selection procedure .................................................................... 54 3.5 Determination of machinery capacity.......................................................... 55 3.6 Field machine performance factors ............................................................. 58 CHAPTER 4 Land Clearing and Development ............................................ 65 4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 65 4.2 Land clearing ................................................................................................... 65 4.3 Land clearing methods and machinery....................................................... 66 4.4 Machinery power sources ............................................................................. 69 4.5 Land clearing attachments/detachable ....................................................... 70 5.4 Factors affecting the choice of land clearing ............................................ 77 5.5 Estimation of land clearing cost................................................................... 78 5.6 Disposal of vegetation ................................................................................... 81 5.7 Landform and development .......................................................................... 89 Page | x

5.8 Equipment for landform..................................................................................91 CHAPTER 5 Tillage Operation and Equipment............................................95 5.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................95 5.2 Soil dynamics and tillage relations ..............................................................97 5.3 Mechanical behaviour of agricultural soil ...................................................98 5.4 Design and performance of tillage equipment ......................................... 102 5.5 Implement and traction machine dynamics .............................................. 103 5.6 Types of tillage operations........................................................................... 109 5.7 Conventional tillage implement................................................................... 114 5.7.1 Primary tillage implement ............................................................................ 114 5.7.2 Secondary tillage implement ....................................................................... 128 5.8 Effects of machinery traffic on agricultural soil ....................................... 137 CHAPTER 6 Bed Planting Operations .............................................................. 141 6.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 141 6.2 Bed planting and tillage practices .............................................................. 141 6.3 Method of crop planting ............................................................................... 143 6.4 Crop planting patterns .................................................................................. 143 6.5 6.6

Functional requirement for crop planting ................................................. 149 Functional classification of planting equipment...................................... 154

6.7 Small scale no-till seeders ........................................................................... 168 6.8 Row-type planters.......................................................................................... 172 6.9 Mechanical precision drilling....................................................................... 176 6.10 Crop planters .................................................................................................. 177 CHAPTER 7 Post Planting Operations........................................................ 189 7.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 189 7.2 Thinning operations and equipment .......................................................... 189 7.3 Crop protection and equipment .................................................................. 198 7.4 Weed management and equipment ............................................................ 199 7.5 Fertilizer application and devices ............................................................... 205 7.6 Chemical application and equipment......................................................... 212 7.6.1 Spraying system, equipment and calibration ........................................... 212 7.7 Chemigation.................................................................................................... 227 7.8 Fertigation ....................................................................................................... 229 CHAPTER 8 Soil and Water Conservation ................................................. 238 6.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 238 6.2 Soil conservation practices and equipment ............................................. 238 6.3 Irrigation practice and equipment............................................................... 243 CHAPTER 9 Crop Harvest and Transport Equipment .............................. 254 9.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 254 Page | xi

9.2 Grain crop harvest machine........................................................................ 254 9.3 Combine harvester performance................................................................ 259 9.7 Fruit and vegetable harvest machine ........................................................ 260 9.7.1 Methods of fruit harvest............................................................................... 261 9.8 Agricultural transport vehicles ................................................................... 266 CHAPTER 10 Crop Processing and Machinery...................................... 273 10.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 273 10.2 Drying systems.............................................................................................. 274 10.3 Grain cooling methods................................................................................. 281 10.4 Densification of agricultural materials ...................................................... 282 10.5 Agricultural technological process machines ......................................... 284 10.5.1 Pressing/wafering machines....................................................................... 284 10.5.2 Pelleting machine.......................................................................................... 284 10.5.3 Briquetting...................................................................................................... 287 10.5.4 Dewatering machines ................................................................................... 288 10.5.5 Cutting of agricultural materials................................................................. 289 10.5.6 Size reduction processes and machines .................................................. 291 10.5.7 10.5.8

Kneading machines ...................................................................................... 297 Rice milling machines .................................................................................. 299

10.5.9 Destoning machine ....................................................................................... 301 10.5.10 Fruit processing machines.......................................................................... 303 10.5.11 Oil processing machines ............................................................................. 310 10.5.12 Grain transport machines............................................................................ 318 10.5.13 Crop residue processing machines........................................................... 320 CHAPTER 11 Crops Storage Structures .............................................. 329 11.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 329 11.2 Storage of agricultural crops ...................................................................... 329 11.3 Crops storage structures............................................................................. 331 11.3.1 Traditional storage structures .................................................................... 331 11.3.2 Improved traditional storage structures ................................................... 339 11.3.3 Improved storage structures ...................................................................... 340 Bibliography ................................................................................................................... 344 Index 352

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Preface New ideas and developed technologies in agricultural occupation depend to a large extent on scientific research results and diversity which are responsible for increased agricultural production. The dynamic nature of agricultural operations and machine complexity are indices of such scientific research diversity as evident in the wide spread requirements in agricultural operation if increased production must be sustained. Documentation forms a major integral part of research and development, especially in engineering education and communication. Hence, this book presents research documentations in agricultural machinery and discussed in details the basic concepts of agricultural mechanization. Chapter one discuss the problems, prospects and utilization of agricultural machinery. Chapter two discussed the essentials of agricultural mechanization, strategies and technological advancements as agriculture goes global. Chapter three x-rays the principles of machine use and cost factors. Chapter four presents the principles and practice of land clearing and landform as well as information and necessary skills for effective land clearing programme. Chapters five and six described various bed preparation and crop planting operations including state of the art equipment that facilitate effective bed preparation for crop establishment and machine operations. Crop maintenance and protection practices such as crop thinning, weed control and fertilizer/chemical application and equipment were discussed in Chapter seven. Crop establishment equipment and sprayer calibration were also highlighted. Chapter eight described soil and water conservation equipment such as irrigation equipments, pumps etc. Crop harvesting and processing machine for various agricultural crops were discussed in Chapters nine and ten, while Chapter eleven described various crops storage structures. This book will go a long way to acquaint students and researchers with the nitty-gritty of agricultural machinery operations and also provide requisite knowledge and skills for effective agricultural mechanization.

Segun R. Bello 480001, Ishiagu Nigeria

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CHAPTER 1 Concepts of Agricultural Mechanization 1.0

Introduction

Among the three basic essential needs of life (food, clothing and shelter), food remains the strongest of all human survival factors. Food can simply be regarded as the direct product of primary agricultural production and it is rated highest among the three basic essential needs of man; hence agriculture could simply be referred to as a lifesafer profession. To attain security and self-sufficiency in food production and distribution, all players in agricultural production sector must support traditional farmers through accelerated input supplies (such as improved crop varieties /animal species, improved farming systems, improved hand tools etc and procurement of appropriate agricultural tractors and machinery etc., at all levels. Agricultural engineers are known to have been involved in solving the aspect of support to solving major challenges in the traditional and industrial agriculture. They made significant contributions to transforming basic agricultural operations, meet basic food needs of the expanding human population, and also help evolve productive and sustainable agricultural systems and practices which has become a major area of priority intervention. From the analyses of various agricultural systems, we can understand the usefulness of various agricultural machines involved in the conservation and preservation of land, water, and biological resources for future generations. This involvement is made possible through effective agricultural mechanization. The concepts of agricultural mechanization are discussed in the following sections.

1.1

Mechanization

Mechanization of agriculture is recognized as one of the greatest engineering achievements of the 20th century. Generally, agricultural mechanization involves the selection, operation, utilization, and maintenance of mechanical devices and systems in agricultural operations and production for the utmost benefits of man. Among several definitions, the followings have been extracted to fully describe the scope of agricultural mechanization as defined by scholars and researchers: 1. Starkey (1998) defined farm mechanization as the development and introduction of mechanized assistance of all forms and at any level of sophistication in agricultural Page | 1

2. 3.

4.

5.

production to improve human efficiency, timeliness of operation and labour involvement. For instance, timeliness of tillage and planting, weeding and/or harvesting are critical factors where affordable labour is insufficient to permit timely operation. Odigboh, (1991) defined agricultural mechanization as the use of any machine to accomplish a task or operation involved in agricultural production. Mijinyawa et al., (2000) expressed farm mechanization as the application of engineering principles and technology in agricultural production, storage and processing; where these activities and applications are not limited within the boundaries of the farm units only. Clarke, (2000) inferred that the term mechanization is generally used as an overall description of the application of agricultural inputs to production, processing and storage of farm products. Ou et al., (2002) reported agricultural mechanization as an engineering system that requires not only advances in machine development and applications but also close cooperation of many sections. In recognition of this fact, certain environmental, agricultural, social and economic conditions must be ascertained to favour investment in mechanization technologies and their sustainable use.

From the foregoing, it can be deduced that mechaniza...