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Aluminum Chemistry

New Jersey City University July 21, 2020

Summer 2020

Aluminum

Aluminum is always Al3+ because it has an atomic number of 13, it has 13 electrons as well as 13 protons, every proton has a positive charge and because almost most of the atoms are neutral it follows that there is an electron for every proton. The balance shell of aluminum has 3 electrons. However, those electrons are lost in the resulting of ten electrons and thirteen protons. After Aluminum has 3 unneeded protons the ion of Aluminum became 3+ (Nelson, 2019; ). “Aluminum was first isolated in 1825 by Hans Christian Orsted in Copenhagen” Christian was able to produce very little amounts of Aluminum by reducing AlCl and using “Potassium-Mercury” the Mercury was removed by the user of the heat and leaving just pure Aluminum. However, Christian did not develop his work further. Two years later, Friedric Wohler, a German chemist expanded the Christian’s method even further in a different way by reacting “volatilized Aluminum Trichloride with Potassium” he was able to produce small amounts of Aluminum, by 1845, Wohler was able to produce samples large enough to determine the properties of aluminum (Stewart; JLab). Years later, in 1856 Berzelius stated that Wohler was the one who first succeeded in the isolation of Aluminum. However, years later, Fogh redo Orsted’s original experiments and demonstrated that Orsted’s method could give satisfactory results (Stewart) For decades, Aluminum was expensive to produce and it was more expensive than gold until Henri Saint Claire, in 1854 found a way of replacing potassium with a much cheaper element to isolate aluminum. After that, aluminum became more known, however, was still expensive. In 1886 Charles Martin Hall and Paul Heroult individually created the “Hall-Heroult process” which isolates aluminum metal from its oxide electronegativity and it was so much

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cheaper than any other method provided before. “Aluminum is still manufactured using the Hall-Heroult process”(Stewart). With a better way to get the aluminum from aluminum oxide and an easy way to extract, larger amounts of aluminum, the inexpensive times of aluminum had begun. After that, aluminum is used a lot in many products as well as an aluminum alloy (JLab). Aluminum is the most abundant metal element in the crust of the earth, as well as iron. However, aluminum is never found in free nature and almost all aluminum has combined with other elements to form compounds (Nelson; Stewart; JLab). Aluminum does not belong to essential elements because humans do not necessarily need aluminum, but it is used in a lot of things because it is not toxic but it can be to some organisms due to its non-regulatory ion. However, is it always used as an alloy because Aluminum itself it’s not strong and in its soluble 3+ ions, aluminum is toxic to plants. However, “is purposed useful for living cells” (Pavelkic & Gopcevic, 2008; Royal Society Of Chemistry). Even though humans do not need aluminum, it enters our body every day in a lot of forms such as the air we breathe, the water we drink, and the food we eat. There are small amounts of aluminum that are in the food. Some other people apply it directly to their skin. According to The World Health Organization, t here is a daily dietary intake of aluminum which is about “2-6 mg

Al day

in children and 6-14 mg

Al day

in adults”

(Pavelkic & Gopcevic; Meghana & Kumari, 2019; Royal Society Of Chemistry). Several studies have shown that aluminum can be a risk, and can also cause some diseases. Since aluminum is an element that does not occur in humans naturally and very little is known about the aluminum that gets into our organism they are not sure if it affects, “gastrointestinal enzymes and influence digestion.” Aluminum can also be a risk for Alzheimer’s disease and cancer breast. According to the Royal Society of Chemistry, “ m  ost experts remain

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unconvinced by the evidence, aluminum at high concentration is a proven neurotoxin, primary effecting bone, and brain” (Turner & Mutter, 2019; Pavelkic & Gopcevic; Royal Society Of Chemistry).

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Works cited Meghana, P., Kumari, A., Pravalika, K., Sriram, P., & Ravindhranath, K. (2019). Extraction of aluminum (iii) ions from wastewater using an adsorbent prepared from stems of cassia occidentalis plant. Rasayan Journal of Chemistry, 12(1). Pavelkic, V., Gopcevic, K., Krstic, D., & Ilic, M. A. (2008). The influence of Al3+ ion on porcine pepsin activity in vitro. Journal of Enzyme Inhibition & Medicinal Chemistry, 23(6). Turner, M., Mutter, S., Kennedy-Britten, O., & Platts, J. (2019). Molecular dynamics simulation of aluminum binding to amyloid-β and its effect on peptide structure. Plus One, 14(6), 1-14. Jang H., Kang J., Yun D., & Kim C. A multifunctional selective "turn-on" fluorescent chemosensor for detection of Group IIIA ions Al3+, Ga3+, and In3. Photochem Photobiol Sci . 2018;17(9). Daniel, N. (2019, January). Aluminum Ion Charge and Formula. Science Trends . Retrieved from https://sciencetrends.com/aluminum-ion-charge-and-formula/#:~:text=Electrons %20have%20a%20negative%20charge,particles%20with%20a%20positive%20 charge.&text=Metals%20are%20capable%20of%20forming,referred%20to%20as%20a% 20cation. Aluminum. (n.d.). Royal Society of Chemistry. Retrieved  July 15, 2020, from https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/13/aluminium The Element Aluminum. (n.d.). JLab . Retrieved July 15, 2020, from https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele013.html

 etrieved from Doug, S.(n.d.). Aluminum Elements Facts. Chemicool. R https://www.chemicool.com/elements/aluminum.html#refer

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