Amplifire 11/1/2020 PDF

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Amplifier document for Bio 181: Daisy...

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Which of the following describes the function of IP3 as a second messenger = causing the release of calcium ions from the endoplasmic reticulum. What is the general name for an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to other molecules?= Protein kinase The process of phosphorylation is very important as a cellular mechanism for regulating protein activity. Phosphorylation does this by activating or inactivating proteins A pharmaceutical company is developing a drug that will prevent Ca2+ from acting as a second messenger. What might this drug target? Endo recticulum and IP3 After a signaling molecule binds to a G protein-coupled receptor, what activates the associated G protein? GTP displaces GDP on the G protein. Which of the following statements describes what happens to cells undergoing apoptosis? Cells shrink and form lobes, which are eventually shed as membrane fragments. What effect does ligand binding have on receptor tyrosine kinase proteins? Ligand binding causes them to phosphorylate and form dimers. Match the type of signal to its definition: adjacent = juxtacrine vicinity=paracrine distant=endocrine secreted = autocrine stay = intracine

The stage of cell signaling in which a chemical signal is “detected” when the signaling molecule binds to a receptor protein located at the cell’s surface is called reception How does adenylyl cyclase help transmit signals within a cell? It converts ATP to cAMP, which then broadcasts the signal to the rest of the cell. Match each tumor with the best theory for what it is doing. Amplify/C, Deploy/not a, Extend/B, Autocrine/A Regarding apoptosis in C. elegans, which are correct? CED-3 ACTIVATES NUC, SIGNAL INACTIVATES CED-9, CED-9 INHIBITS CED-4 CED-3 IS A CASPASE CED-4 ACTIVATES CED-3 CED-3 ACTIVATES PROTEASES

In liver cells, epinephrine stimulates the breakdown of glycogen. As the signal-transduction pathway progresses, the signal is amplified A small molecule that specifically binds to a larger molecule is called a(n) ligand G-protein-linked receptors __________, whereas receptor tyrosine kinases __________. are not enzymes; have enzymatic function What did Sutherland discover about glycogen metabolism in liver cells? The hormone epinephrine binds to a specific receptor on the plasma membrane of the liver cell. cAMP usually directly activates protein kinase A After a signaling molecule binds to a G protein-coupled receptor, what activates the associated G protein GTP displaces GDP on the G protein. Testosterone and estrogen are lipid-soluble signal molecules that cross the plasma membrane by simple diffusion. If these molecules can enter all cells, why do only specific cells respond to their presence? Nontarget cells lack the intracellular receptors that, when activated by the signal molecule, can interact with genes in the cell's nucleus.

Which of the following changes to Ras would you expect to see in a cancer cell that has mutated Ras present? A mutation that means Ras cannot hydrolyze GTP to GDP

IP3 (inositol trisphosphate) is produced from the cleavage of a certain kind of phospholipid in the plasma membrane

In which part of cell are calcium ions usually found? Endoplasmic Reticulum Put the steps of signaling via GPCR in order. Ligand, GPCR changes, Gprotein attach, GTP replace, G protein activates, G protein hydro, Dimer=NOT

When a platelet contacts a damaged blood vessel, it is stimulated to release thromboxane A2. Thromboxane A2 in turn stimulates vascular spasm and attracts additional platelets to the injured site. In this example thromboxane A2 is acting as a __________. Local Regulator Which of the following statements best describes the process of hormonal signaling? Specialized cells release hormone molecules You are studying a gland that releases a signaling molecule that affects various cells in the body. However, there appear to be no receptors for the signaling molecule in the cell membranes. What does this indicate Intracellular receptor, hydrophobic Put the steps of signaling via RTK in order. Ligand, monomers, tyrosine, rely proteins, activated proteins, GTP=NOT

A G protein is active when __________. GTP is bound to it A difference between the mechanisms of cAMP and Ca2+ in signal transduction is that cAMP __________ and Ca2+ __________. is synthesized by an enzyme in response to a signal; is released from intracellular stores How is nitric oxide different from other signal molecules? its a gas Phosphorylation cascades involving a series of protein kinases are useful for cellular signal transduction because __________. they amplify the original signal manyfold In a phosphorylation cascade, __________ phosphorylate proteins, and __________ dephosphorylate them. protein kinases; protein phosphatases Certain yeast cells secrete a molecule called the -factor. The purpose of this molecule is to __________. stimulate an a yeast cell to grow toward the cell Second messengers tend to be water-soluble and small. This accounts for their ability to __________.

rapidly move throughout the cell by diffusion Why does testosterone not affect all cells in the body? Only certain cells have cytoplasmic receptors for testosterone. What happens during the process of paracrine signaling? Numerous cells simultaneously receive and respond to the molecules of growth factor produced by a single cell in their vicinity. The stage of cell signaling in which the signal is converted to a form that can bring about a response in the cell is called __________. transduction...