ANA300 - nomenclature - Dr. Ballyk PDF

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Dr. Ballyk...

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Nomenclature

Images from Human Anatomy 8th ed., © 2015, by Martini, Timmins and Talitsch, denoted by “Ma”.

Size .1nm Chemical or Molecular Levels 10nm

Atoms interact to form molecules.

Introduction

Molecules join to form complex contractile protein fibers.

10μm

.1mm

• cytology and cell biology Cytology and cell biology are processes at

Contractile protein fibers are structures within a heart muscle cell. the cellular level. Interlocking heart muscle cells form cardiac muscle tissue.

Cellular Level 1mm Tissue Level

Cardiac muscle tissue constitutes the bulk of the walls of the heart.

• histology

Study of tissus 120mm Organ Level

The heart is a complex three-dimensional organ.

Organ System Level

Cardiovascular Endocrine Lymphatic Nervous Respiratory Muscular Digestive Skeletal Urinary Reproductive Integumentary

• gross anatomy Put diff tissues together to form organs - which all have specific jobs.!Gross anatomy is anatomy which can be seen with the naked eye - we dont need a microscope.

The cardiovascular system includes the heart, the blood and blood vessels. 1.7m Organism All of the organ systems must work together Level for a person to remain alive and healthy.

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Regional anaromy is what is used in disseciton courses]! Learn about a region and the systems within it - e.g. in chest you look at digestive, cardio and respiratory system,

gross anatomy can be studied in two different ways

• systemic vs. regional anatomy Systemic approach to gross anatomy - we look at each body system in term, we look at systems which2 work together - e.g. lymphoid tissue, tissues work together for the same cause

Important to be precise, have to be picky about how you use it.

The Importance of Precise Language

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Anatomical position is the feet are close together and palms face forward, good posture and head is up - position of one body part compared to amother, we assume body is in the anatomical position

Superior: Above Cranial or Cephalic Toward the head “The thoracic region of the spinal column is cranial to the sacral region.”

Posterior or Dorsal Posterior: Toward the back

The Anatomical Position & Directional Nomenclature

Anterior or Ventral Anterior: Toward the front

• the anatomical position • terms are usually* relative

i.e. compare the positions of two structures

Dorsal: Toward the back Ventral: Toward the belly • (equivalent to posterior when (equivalent to anterior when referring to human body) referring to human body) “The scapula (shoulder “The navel is on the blade) is located posterior anterior (ventral) to the rib cage.” surface of the trunk.” Caudal Toward the tail (coccyx in humans) “The lumbar region of the Cranial is towards rhe Head, caudal is towards the ! vertebral column is caudal Tail which is the coccyx. ! to its cervical region. We use these terms with the nervous system and vertebral column

Lateral view

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Inferior: Below

Comparing positions of two structures relative to each other.

general terms

Anterior vs posterior - always use them in relative.! Ventral and dorsal are not the same, often the same in humans but; ventral is towards belly and dorsal is towards to the back. ! Towards the belly and back is not the same in a quadripede like a dog superior (above) and inferior (below) is used in a dog instead of ventral and dorsal - heart is superior to the sternum and inferior to the vert column

– anterior vs. posterior (~ ventral vs. dorsal) – superior vs. inferior – cranial / cephalic vs. caudal – medial vs. lateral – median* is an absolute term since this is human anatomy, we can use em interchangabl

– proximal vs. distal (re. limbs; also the digestive system, etc.) – superficial vs. deep • specialized terms – re. nervous system: rostral vs. caudal

Right

Left

The Anatomical Position & Directional Nomenclature

Proximal Closer to an attached base “The shoulder is proximal to the wrist.”

Lateral Away from the midline

i.e. compare the positions of two structures

• general terms – anterior vs. posterior Medial (~ventral vs. dorsal) Toward the midline – superior vs. inferior Proximal Distal – cranial / cephalic vs. caudal Farther from an attached base – medial vs. lateral “The fingers are distal to the wrist.” – median* is an absolute term

Medial and lateral - medial is towards Midline and lateral is away from the Midline. The heart is medial to the lungs or lungs are lateral to the heart. Median is an absolute term - nothing I relative to the median, e.g. the Belly hole is median, nose is median. Proximal and distal is used when describing relative to limbs, w.g. Proximal is closer, Distal is further away from attachment point. We also use them for tubular systems Such as the digestive tract - beginning is the mouth. (proximal) and distal is further away from the mouth.

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• the anatomical position • terms are usually* relative

OTHER DIRECTIONAL TERMS Superficial Closer to the body surface Distal “The skin is superficial to muscle.” Deep Farther from the body surface “The bone of the thigh is deep to Anterior the surrounding skeletal muscles.” view

– proximal vs. distal (re. limbs; also the digestive system, etc.) – superficial vs. deep

Superficial is toward surface of body, deep is further away from surface of the body. Musc is superficial to the bones.

• specialized terms – re. nervous system: rostral vs. caudal

Rostral = towards the nose, and caudal = towards the tail, these are specifically fo nervous system - it acknowledges that the nervous system had to bend when standing up at the level of diencephalon.

quadruped - face keeps facing forward, but spinal cord had to bend in order to keep us upright. and keeping our face facing forward picture drawn in the previous slide! (what she drew in the lecture)

Sectional Nomenclature Frontal or coronal plane

Sectioning produces a 2D representation of a 3D structure Sagittal plane

Sagittarius separates body into right and lef Midsagittal separates body into the half

Separates the body into right and left portions. Separates the body into anterior and posterior portions.

A midsagittal section passes through the midline, dividing the body into right and left halves.

Plane is oriented parallel to long axis

A parasagittal section misses the midline, creating right and left portions of unequal size.

When you cut a section you produce a 2d representation of a 3D human body, You can’t see what’s outside the plane

Can’t see the lungs because it’s not in the plane.

Plane is oriented parallel to long axis

Transverse or crosssectional plane

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Separates the body into an anterior and posterior portion, and plane is parallel to the long axis - can see heart and lungs, but can’t see vertebral column bc it’s not in the plane of section. Can only see what's in the plane of section

Plane is oriented perpendicular to long axis In humans, is equivalent to the horizontal plane; separates the body into superior and inferior portions. Plane is perpendicular - cores section can also be horizontal section in humans but no the same thing in a snake.

These are terms which describe regions of the body - e.g. thorax = chest, its a regional term. Abdomen is another regional term referring to the belly. Pelvis is another one. These are all regional terms because structures are named according to the regional names. Popliteus is a term referring to the back of the knee. Femoral artery and vein and nerves are another example of structures named based on regional terms.

Regional Nomenclature Frons or forehead Nasus or nose (nasal) (frontal) Oculus or eye (orbital or ocular) Cephalon or head (cephalic)

Cranium or skull (cranial)

Facies or face (facial) Oris or mouth (oral) Mentis or chin (mental)

Axilla or armpit (axillary) Brachium or arm (brachial) Antecubitis or front of elbow (antecubital) Antebrachium or forearm (antebrachial)

Auris or ear (otic) Bucca or cheek (buccal) Cervicis or neck (cervical) Shoulder Thoracis or thorax, (acromial) chest (thoracic) Dorsum or Mamma or breast back (dorsal) (mammary) Trunk Abdomen (abdominal) Umbilicus or navel (umbilical) Lumbus or loin Pelvis (pelvic) (lumbar)

Cephalon or head (cephalic) Cervicis or neck (cervical)

Upper limb

Carpus or wrist (carpal) Palma or palm (palmar) Pollex or thumb Digits or fingers (digital) Patella or kneecap (patellar) Crus or leg (crural) Tarsus or ankle (tarsal)

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Digits or toes (digital) Hallux or great toe

Manus or hand (manual) Inguen or groin (inguinal)

Gluteus or buttock (gluteal)

Pubis (pubic)

Popliteus or back of knee (popliteal)

Femur or thigh (femoral)

Sura or calf (sural)

Calcaneus or heel of foot (calcaneal) Pes or foot (pedal)

Planta or sole of foot (plantar)

Lower limb

The heart is ___________ to the lungs. The stomach is __________ to the heart. The elbow is ____________ to the hand. The breast bone is _________ to the vertebral column. The skin is __________ to bones. The bowels are ___________ to the esophagus. The lumbar region of the back is ___________ to the cervical region. The head is ____________ to the body. 8

1. The spleen is an unpaired, left-sided structure. It is possible to see the spleen in all of the following planes of section, EXCEPT: a) parasaggital b) coronal c) midsagittal d) horizontal 2. The kidneys are bilaterally paired structures not found in the midline. In which plane of section is it possible to see only one kidney? a) parasaggital b) coronal c) midsagittal d) horizontal 9...