ANAT1001 Embryology questions PDF

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embryology detailed revision questions, and digestive system lecture notes ...

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Where does fertilization occurs? For how long is the sperm and oocyte is v[-iable? How do dizygotic twins arise? Mention the state of the placenta and inner sac if: A)Embryo splits before implanting in endometrium B) Embryo implants and then splits C) Embryo implants and then splits later (longer) What happens if separation did not happen within 2 weeks after fertilization? In which week does cleavage of zygote form? In which week does the morula form? In which week does the blastocyst forms? and explain how it;o9 forms. What is the decidua? In which week does the implantation in the endometrium occurs, and where in the uterus does it usually occurs? Mention the main land marks of the first week of embryonic development. In which week does the trophoblast differentiate into 2 layers? During the second week of development, trophoblast differentiate into 2 layers, what are they? Which layer of the differentiated trophoblast produces hCG hormone? In which week does the placenta start to form? What is the function of placenta? Placenta develops from 2 sources, what are they? In which week does the bilaminar embryonic disc start to form? From which cells does the bilaminar embryonic disk form? What are the 2 layers of the bilaminar embryonic disk? From which cell layer does the amnion form? The yolk sac develops from the migration of which cells layer?

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Mention main landmarks of development for second week. In which week does gastrulation occurs? What is the process of gastrulation? In which week does the process of neurulation occurs? From which cell layer does the neural plate form? When does the process of invagination occurs? Explain the process of neurulation. What body structures does the ectodermal cell layer form? What cell layer are responsible for the following structures, Bones of cranial vault, dentin of teeth, sympathetic neurons, pia and arachnoid mater, skeletal and connective tissue components of head and neck? In which week does the somites start to form? Explain how somites form? What are the main 3 types of somites? From which type of somites does the following structures arise? A)Vertebrae and ribs B) Connective tissue,  dermis’[ C) Skeletal muscles of the neck, trunk and limbs. In which week does the CVS start to form? From which cell layer or structure does the heart tube develops? When can embryonic heartbeat be detected? Mention main landmarks for development in the third week. In which week does the pharyngeal arches start to form? How many pairs of pharyngeal arches are formed? What is the function or purpose of pharyngeal arches? What is the organogenetic period? What body system is functional in the embryo? When does folding of the embryo occurs? What is the fold that brings the hear and mouth in the adult position? What fold bring the anus in the adult position? What fold forms the primitive gut? Mention the land mark of development for 4th-8th week. What is the foetal period?

 At which week will the embryo be capable of extrauterine existence?  Mention different structures that arise from these 3 primary germ layers: A)Endoderm B) Mesoderm C) Ectoderm  What is the neonatal period?  Mention 3 causes of birth defects, and give examples....