anatomynote102815 PDF

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Anatomy and Physiology Lectures Notes from 2015. Given by the same Professor everyday with drawings and detailed notes...

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→ Entro Aspect of the muscular system ← There are 3 kind of muscle : striated, smooth, and cardiac muscle. Found on page 277 -

40% of body is muscle. 40%, this includes ALL muscle. (heart, smooth, ect) muscle only contract

FUNCTION OF MUSCULAR SYSTEM 1. Locomotion movement : walking and moving along. 2. Posture: result of muscle tone. CLOSELY CONNECTED is function 3. 3. provide stability to the articulation - shoulder muscle maintain angle and attitude and spacial arrangement. 4. circulation of the blood and lymph - You have all kind of muscle involved here. the heart pumps the blood, in artery you have smooth muscle (constriction and dilation to move the blood) - your muscle milk your veins, pushes the blood along. this alone will prevent venus condition that elderly may have in their later years - blood overcomes capacity 5. Peristalsis -in the digestive tract) you have automatic in the walls of your Small intestine a regular beating of contraction and relaxation that moves food along. this is a peristalsis activity - fallopian tube that moves the egg 6. Breathing three muscle involved : -diaphragm : separates cavity from one another. when muscle contract, it allows air in. -external and internal intercostal muscle 7. production of heat - No other tissue in the body that utilizes more energy than the muscle. More muscle you build, the more calories you burn… Consequence is production of heat; when you are cold you shiver Origin of the muscle : Is that end (tendon) of the muscle that is attached to the fix or LEAST moveable bone. Insertion of the muscle : Is that end of the muscle (or tendon) that is attached to the MORE moveable bone.

→ → CHARACTERISTIC OF MUSCLE ← ←

(Page 277) There are 4 characteristics … 1.

2. 3.

4.

excitability → aka Irritability - this means that muscle has the capacity to respond to a stimulus. There are only 2 tissue in the body that respond: muscle and nerves. They are 2 tissue that are excitable and irritabile. Contractility → muscle contract. They do not stretch on their own Extensibility → this means that it can stretch; muscle can be stretch. when you flex your biceps your triceps is stretched. Elasticity → in your body your muscle is already slightly stretched. ** THESE FOUR MAKES THEM UNIQUE

---- from now on everything involving muscle is going to refer to striated muscles--How are these striated muscle are name? (Found on page 320 and 321) → muscle are named from a variety of schemes 1. Actions → what they do. - Example: flexors, extensor, ect . They flex, extend, ect. 2. Shape → named according to their shape → example: deltoid 3. Origin / Insertion → example: mentalisis 4. division → example: biceps, triceps, ect 5. location 6. Direction of their fibers → example: external oblique 7. Size → example: gluteus maximus 8. combination of the terms → Example Extensor : action Digitorum : Location logus : size → → Connective tissue components of striated muscle ← ← (found on pages 278 and 279 )

1 term used to describe / found the edges of the muscular system / skeletal system. Fibers muscle fiber is the same as Muscle Cell . Nerve fiber is a variation on a scheme . A nerve is a collection of nerve fibers → a nerve fiber is NOT the entire neuron, it is JUST the processes (axon) . - ----Take a cross section of Biceps ((

)) ← DICT

There are 3 CT Components that bind muscle together. Muscle are NOT pure muscle cells, there are a large amount of CT that is mush with muscle. Dense Irregular CT : surrounds entire muscle 3 Category of CT 1. Epimysium 2. Perimysium 3. Endomysium

-

-

this muscle has hundred and thousand of long cells. These cells are all gathered and bunched together. epimysium invaginate and goes inside to extend its CT inside which will began to surround groups of muscle cells. (is called Perimysium goes around and surrounds cell of distinct muscle cells ) muscle cells are now in bundles. These bundles have a name… fascicles or Fasciculus Fascicles comes from a roman terminology Finally the perimysium further invaginate and surrounds each one of the muscle cell with a thin layer of areolar CT . (soft CT)

→ → CONCEPT TO ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES (EPP) ← ← (pages: 72 - 74 , 77 - 82 , 395 - 406 )

Occurs in both muscle cells and nerve cells; the whole basis of the EPP is that the cell membrane of these cells have a unique capacity to separate ion in such a way that there will be an electric potential created. an actual voltage. → opposite charges attract - You have initially +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

( homogeneously arranged)

→ you suddenly can separate these charges ----------

+++++ ++++++

- Therefore the charges are segregated / polarized ^ those are polarized ^ those are polarized . HOWEVER when charges are separated it goes against their nature. Creates a potential for doing electrical work . This happens when they move together back and forth; this potential to do electrical work is measured in the unit called a VOLT. → Depending on how many charges are polarized; the greater the voltage. TERM IN RELATION TO VOLTAGE : potential difference . When you have opposite charges that are separate you have an electrical potential. this potential is measured in volt. for some reason you aren’t able to align these charges … you go back to original state. this process of REDUCING is called depolarization

Decrease in voltage is a depolarized state . but then you can seperate them to polarize them again → repolarization...