ANIM2053 Multiple Choice Questions PDF

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MCQ for practice for your mid-semester and final exams. Some questions are from past exam papers....

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ANIM2053 – Multiple Choice Questions and Short Response

Excessive heat during stockfeed processing may: a) Induce Maillard reactions in the feed b) Reduce lysine availability c) Induce interactions between proteins and carbohydrates formulation d. d) Include all of the above

______ Secreted to _____ initiates protein digestion in monogastric animals. a) Pepsinogen, chief cells b) Pepsin, chief cells c) HCL, parietal cells of stomach d) Trypsinogen, parietal cells of stomach

In a newborn calf, milk bypasses the __________ and flows directly into the __________ a) Rumen, abomasum b) Rumen, omasum c) Rumen, reticulum d) Reticulum, rumen

What is the order of energy partitioning in the animal? a) Gross energy > Metabolizable energy > Digestible energy > Net energy b) Metabolizable energy > Digestible energy > Gross energy > Net energy c) Net energy > Digestible energy > Gross energy > Metabolizable energy d) Gross energy > Digestible energy > Metabolizable energy > Net energy

Nutrient restriction during mid-gestation is expected to: a) Decrease muscle fiber hypertrophy, leading to lower birth and weaning weights. b) Decrease marbling and adipogenesis, leading to lower birth and weaning weights. c) Increase muscle fiber formation, leading to lower birth and weaning weights. d) Decrease muscle fiber formation, leading to lower birth and weaning weights.

Which group of nutrients are all potential energy sources? a) Vitamins, carbohydrates and amino acids. b) Amino acids, fatty acids and minerals. c) Fatty acids, carbohydrates and water. d) Amino acids, fatty acids and carbohydrates.

Rumen development is not stimulated by: a) Volatile Fatty Acids b) Greater hay intake c) Calf age d) Lower milk intake

Which of the statements about rumination is true: a) It is induced by the tactile stimulation of the omasal wall b) Diets high in fibre may fail to stimulate rumination c) It is an unnecessary part of digestion d) The time spent ruminating depends on the amount of fibre in the diet

Hemicellulose is quantified by calculating: a) The difference between neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) b) 100 – (Ash + Protein + Fat + Crude fibre) c) The difference between crude fibre and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) d) The sum of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF)

What are NEm and Kl? a) Net energy for maintenance and the efficiencies of use of energy for lactation b) Net energy in milk produced and the efficiencies of use of energy for growth c) Net energy in wool growth and the efficiencies of use of energy for growth d) Net energy in conceptus growth and the efficiencies of use of energy for wool

Which statement is FALSE? a) Intrauterine Growth Restriction defines impaired growth and development of the fetus during pregnancy b) Advances in nutrition and management techniques have reduced the problem of Intrauterine Growth Restriction in swine production c) The capacity for space in the swine uterus is limited after day 35 of gestation, limiting foetal growth d) Undernutrition during late gestation has a greater negative effect on the birth weight of pigs, than during early or mid- gestation

The nutritional value of a protein source in monogastric animals is: a) A function of the protein’s capacity to supply nitrogen (NH4) to the microbes b) The protein’s capacity to supply essential and non-essential amino acids to the animal c) The capacity of microbes to provide the amino acids to the host animal d) The protein function to build muscles in the body

An animal’s maintenance energy requirement is a) The amounts of energy used for pregnancy and lactation b) The sum of its requirements for basal metabolism and unforced activity c) The energy used for basal metabolism plus a small amount of light work d) The sum of its requirements for basal metabolism, walking, and growth, pregnancy or lactation depending on physiological state

What percentage of a health beef herd would you expect to see ruminating? a) 100% b) 50% c) 80% d) 20%

Which of the following is not a function of the pancreas? a) Neutralization of gastric juice b) Production of amylase c) Secretion of lipases to break down fats into glycerol and fatty acids d) Secretion of pepsin

The palatability of a food is: a) An overall sensory impression b) Affected by chemical, auditory, visual, and tactile inputs c) Not used to explain the level of feed intake d) All of the above

Which one is NOT considered as protein metabolism? a) Oxidative deamination of amino acids b) Transamination of amino acids c) Reductive amination of keto-acids d) B-oxidation

What is the main function of antioxidants? a) Create free oxygen radicals b) Unpair the electron in free oxygen radicals c) Pair the electron and stabilize oxygen molecules d) Improve the muscle synthesis

Maternal adaptations to foetal metabolism include: a) Increased hepatic gluconeogenesis b) Utilisation of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) by the pregnant female c) Development of insulin resistance to limit maternal glucose uptake d) All of the above

The “available lysine” of a feed is the amount which: a) Will be lost in faeces b) Will be absorbed from the digestive tract and retained in the body c) Can be used as an energy source when starch is limiting d) Can be metabolised by a pig which is deficient in vitamin D3.

Methane production in ruminants can be reduced by feeding ______ because _______. a) A low concentrate diet; acetate production is increased. b) Silage; diet digestibility is high. c) Fibrous feeds; propionate production is increased. d) A high concentrate diet; propionate production is increased.

What do commercial egg producers do to ensure a good yolk colour? a) Feed gluten meal b) Expose the birds to sunlight everyday c) Add artificial yolk colorants to the feed d) All of the above

A feed contains 12 g CP/kg DM, & 18 MJ GE/kg DM. It is most likely to be: a) An oilseed meal b) A cereal grain c) A cereal by-product d) Straw

What is qm in an energy calculation? a) Efficiency of use of MEm for milk production b) Efficiency of use of MEm for maintenance c) Efficiency of use of MEm for maintenance and production d) Metabolisability of the gross energy

A high ratio of acetate-to-propionate (A:P) in the rumen results from the consumption of: a) Low fibre/high energy diet b) Hay c) Grains d) Rapidly fermentable carbohydrates

Which one of the following is NOT a role of water? a) Transport of nutrients and excretion of waste products b) Medium for biochemical reactions/enzymatic reactions c) Transport of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2), between the lungs and the rest of the body d) Regulation of body temperature

Nutrient restriction in mid-gestation can lead to decreased: a) Muscle fibre formation b) Adipogenesis c) Muscle fibre hypertrophy d) Skeletal development

Which of the following are all potential energy sources? a) Vitamins, carbohydrates and amino acids b) Amino acids, fatty acids and minerals c) Fatty acids, carbohydrates and water d) Amino acids, fatty acids and carbohydrates

What are the sources of amino acids in the ileal digesta of a pig? a) Feed undigested amino acids and endogenous loss b) Feed undigested amino acids and microbial amino acids c) Feed undigested amino acids, microbial amino acids and endogenous loss d) Microbial amino acids and endogenous loss

Which one of the following statements is FALSE: a) Particles larger than 1 mm cannot pass out of the rumen b) The most common diets that cause bloat comprise large amounts of protein

c) The fibre mat in the rumen aids in maintaining an anaerobic environment d) Papillae increase the surface area for absorption of VFAs

The most commonly used measure of the protein content of non-ruminant feeds is: a) The lysine content b) The digestible protein content c) The degradable protein content d) The total protein content

Which dog food has the highest protein concentration on a DM% basis?

a) Roll dog food b) Canned dog food c) Dry dog food d) Dry dog food and Roll dog food

Which of the following statements is FALSE? a) Essential nutrients can be synthesized by the body b) Vitamins are required in small quantities for bodily function c) Some amino acids can be synthesized by the body, while others need to be obtained from diet d) Vitamins come in two categories: fat-soluble and water-soluble

Defaunation or the complete removal of protozoa from the rumen, will not occur as a result of: a) Isolation of the animal from birth b) Prolonged feeding of high starch diets c) Prolonged feeding of high fibre diets

d) None of the above

Excessive heat during stockfeed processing may: a) Induce Maillard reactions in the feed b) Reduce lysine availability c) Induce interactions between proteins and carbohydrates formulation d) Include all of the above

When we measure the metabolic energy content of a ruminant feed we have to measure energy losses in: a) Faeces b) Faeces, urine and gases c) Urine and heat d) Urine and gases

Which one of the following statements about microbial protein synthesis is FALSE: a) It is an efficient process that directs the majority of ATP towards growth b) It decreases by 50% if pH drops below 5.7 c) ATP can be directed towards maintenance and synthesis of reserve carbohydrates d) Energy spilling dissipates energy as heat when ATP exceeds needs

It is essential for newborns to receive colostrum as: a) Permeability of the gut lining increases with age heightening exposure to disease b) There is no passive transfer of immunity via the placenta before birth c) Lipids and immunoglobulins are unable to pass through the placenta d) B and C

A nutrient which is the most deficient in an animal’s feed and to which the animal will respond when it is given a supplement of the nutrient is: a. An essential nutrient. b. An additive. c. An effective nutrient. d. A limiting nutrient.

When Streptococcus bovis grows at an exponential growth rate in laboratory conditions: a. It is unable to grow exponentially. b. It basically only produces lactic acid. c. It produces a range of fermentation acids/alcohols of which lactic acid is a minor component. d. It is only able to use amino acids as a growth substrate

Which of the following feeds could be used as a protein supplement for ruminants in Australia? a. Fish meal. b. Molasses. c. Barley. d. Cottonseed meal.

Amino acid composition of a feed is: a. Very important in monogastrics. b. Is moderately important in monogastrics. c. Very important in ruminants. d. Not relevant when feeding any animal.

The efficiency of use of energy for growth is: a. A function of level of feeding. b. A function of site of digestion. c. A function of balance of nutrients absorbed. d. Both a) and c) above. e. Both b) and c) above.

Cereal grains are: a. Low in total P. b. Low in total Na. c. Low in total Ca. d. Low in crude protein.

Maintenance energy requirement (MJ ME/kg W0.75.day) is: a. Similar for warm-blooded and cold-blooded animals. b. Higher for warm-blooded than cold-blooded animals. c. Lower for warm-blooded than cold-blooded animals. d. Depends on ambient temperature for both types of animal.

Crude protein for most feed types is: a. Amino acid N * 6.25. b. Acid detergent insoluble N * 6.25. c. Total N * 6.25. d. Total N * 6.38.

The rumen bacteria are: a. Important in engulfing protozoa. b. Important in engulfing rumen fungi. c. Important in supplying protein.

d. Important in using recycled Na through saliva.

A rabbit is a hind-gut fermentor: a. It gets a significant amount of protein by coprophagy. b. It gets a significant amount of B Vitamins by coprophagy. c. It recycles N through copraphagy. d. It does not practise copraphagy

Milk fever can occur soon after parturition and is a function of: a. The high protein requirement for milk production. b. The high glucose requirement for milk production. c. The high fat requirement for milk production. d. All of the above.

When an animal consumes a diet with a deficient mineral concentration it will generally: a. Eat more of the diet to obtain an adequate amount of the deficient mineral. b. Maintain intake as intake is not controlled by mineral concentration. c. Eat less of the diet compared to when the mineral was not deficient. d. Show no response to the concentration of the mineral in the diet.

You have to feed your dog 300 g of dry matter (DM) a day. The label on your feed says the dry matter content is 20% DM. How much on an as fed or wet matter basis do you need to weigh out daily to meet 300 g DM/day? a. 300 g b. 60 g c. 6000 g d. 1500 g

Feed additives are included in diets to: a. Prevent a disease like coccidiosis. b. Improve feed utilization. c. Reduce stress. d. All of the above. e. A and B.

Too much Ca in pig diets results in: a. The precipitation of P. b. Reduced P absorption. c. The precipitation of Zn. d. Reduced Zn absorption.

Which of the following is a water-soluble vitamin? a. Vitamin A b. Vitamin C c. Vitamin E d. Vitamin K

As a lactating cow eats more and produces more milk, she converts a greater fraction of her feed energy to milk. This phenomenon is commonly referred to as the:

a prediction of net . energy

b efficiency of production . c dilution of . maintenance d 2nd law of . thermodynamics

Outline how the gastrointestinal tract changes, anatomically and physiologically, when a ruminant transitions from a young pseudo-monogastric, to a mature ruminant animal.

Newly born calves are pre-ruminants. They have the same four stomachs as an adult but the rumen is significantly smaller. In the calf, the largest part of the digestive tract is the abomasum (fourth stomach), making up nearly 70% of the digestive tract. At this point, the immature digestive metabolic systems function similarly to those of a young monogastric animal, and the calf depends on milk or milk replacer as an easily digestible source of carbohydrate and protein. The act of sucking by the calf causes a fold of muscle to develop in the wall of the rumen called the reticular or oesophageal groove. As the calf sucks, the oesophageal groove delivers milk directly to the abomasum where it is digested most efficiently. In the first weeks of life, rennin is the predominant enzyme in the digestive system of the calf. Rennin allows the calf to efficiently utilise the proteins in milk. In time, as the level of the enzyme pepsin increases, the calf is able to utilise non-milk sources of protein. For this reason, milk replacers that contain non-milk protein should not be fed to the calf in the first three weeks of life. For the first three to four weeks of life the enzyme lactase also predominates, meaning the calf can effectively utilise lactose, the important carbohydrate in milk. The calf is unable to utilise starch at this stage. The transition phase - development of the digestive system. The transition phase (period covering the move from the pre-ruminant to the ruminant phase) occurs between four and eight weeks of age, when the rumen begins to take over the main digestion of feed. When a calf consumes water and starter concentrates, bacterial fermentation is initiated in the rumen. This generates large amounts of Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs) in the forms of acetate, butyrate and propionate. This production of VFAs is responsible for rapid rumen development. chapter 12 Development of the Calf Digestive System The time it takes for the calf to change from using just the abomasum to efficiently using all four stomachs depends on the type of food it is fed. If milk is freely available for a long time, the calf will have only a small appetite for dry feeds and rumen development is slow. If the feed management encourages the calf to eat solid feeds, rumen development is enhanced and the calf reduces its dependence on liquid milk as a source of essential nutrients. KEY POINT: KEY FACTS: KEY TIPS: o o

By one week of age the calf should be encouraged to eat some concentrates and hay/straw. o At this time the rumen, reticulum and omasum will begin to develop. By one month of age calves should be eating substantial quantities of concentrates and hay/straw. o Calves will become less dependent on milk, risk of scours is reduced, calves can be weaned earlier, and labour and rearing costs are lowered.

If the calf is on a restricted liquid diet and has access to solid feed, this transition from pre-ruminant to ruminant digestion can be completed at about six weeks of age. Ruminant digestion. Ruminant digestion is based on the function of the rumen, where micro-organisms transform carbohydrate, protein and all other fermentable substances into volatile fatty acids, ammonia, methane, carbon dioxide and microbial protein. The ruminant phase begins at about six to eight weeks of age. At this point, dry feed is the sole source of feed, and the rumen accounts for approximately 70% of all stomach compartments. A calf will usually have full rumen development at

12 weeks of age and its ability to eat and digest dry food will then be more or less similar to that of an adult animal. o

Anatomy of the ruminant digestive system includes: o Mouth/Tongue  harvest forages during grazing or to consume harvested feedstuffs by wrapping their tongues around the plants and then pulling to tear the forage for consumption.  On average, cattle take from 25,000 to more than 40,000 prehensile bites to harvest forage while grazing each day. They typically spend more than one-third of their time grazing, one-third of their time ruminating (cud chewing), and slightly less than one-third of their time idling where they are, neither grazing nor ruminating.  The roof of the ruminant mouth is a hard/soft palate without incisors.  The lower jaw incisors work against this hard dental pad.  The incisors of grass/roughage selectors are wide with a shovel-shaped crown, while those of concentrate selectors are narrower and chisel-shaped.  Premolars and molars match between upper and lower jaws. These teeth crush and grind plant material during initial chewing and rumination. o salivary glands (producing saliva for buffering rumen pH)  Saliva aids in chewing and swallowing, contains enzymes for breakdown of fat (salivary lipase) and starch (salivary amylase), and is involved in nitrogen recycling to the rumen. Saliva’s most important function is to buffer pH levels in the reticulum and rumen. A mature cow produces up to 50 quarts of saliva per day, but this varies, depending on the amount of time spent chewing feed, because that stimulates saliva production.  Forage and feed mixes with saliva containing sodium, potassium, phosphate, bicarbonate, and urea when consumed, to form a bolus. o Esophagus  That bolus then moves from the mouth to the reticulum through a tube-like passage called the esophagus.  Muscle contractions and pressure differences carry these substances down the esophagus to the reticulum.  The esophagus functions bidirectionally in ruminants, allowing them to regurgitate their cud for further chewing, if necessary. The process of rumination or “chewing the cud” is where forage and other feedstuffs are forced back to the mouth for further chewing and mixing with saliva. This cud is then swallowed again and passed into the reticulum. o four-compartment stomach (rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum)  the solid portion slowly moves into the rumen for fermentation, while most of the liquid portion rapidly moves from the reticulorumen into the omasum and then abomasum. The solid portion left behind in the rumen typically remains for up to 48 hours and forms a dense mat in the rumen, where microbes can use ...