Antenna and wave propagation lecture notes PDF

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Academic planner On “ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPOGATION” Submitted by T.Madhavi Associate Professor, ECE. In the department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

CMR ENGINEERING COLLEGE (Affiliated to J.N.T.U, HYDERABAD) KANDLAKOYA(V),MEDCHAL ROAD HYDERABAD-501 401 (2017-2018)

Subject: Antenna and wave propagation S.NO (1) (2) (3)

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(4)

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CONTENT Objectives and Relevance Scope Prerequisites Syllabus 1.

JNTU

2.

GATE

3.

IES

(5)

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Suggested Books

(6)

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Websites

(7)

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Expert Details

(8)

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Journals

(9)

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Subject (lesson) Plan

(10)

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Question Bank 1.

JNTU

2.

GATE

(11)

-Tutorial Question sets on each unit

(12)

-List of topics for student’s seminars

(13)

-Objective questions (CAP)

Subject: ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPOGATION Year: III– B.Tech, I SEM

Branch: ECE

OBJECTIVES AND RELEVENCE:  Understand the basic terminology and concepts of Antenna  Attain knowledge on the basic parameters those are considered in the antenna design process and the analysis while designing Antenna.  Analyze the electric and magnetic field emission from various basic antennas and mathematical formulation of the antennas  Knowledge on antenna operation and types as well as their usage in real time field.  Knowledge on types of antennas and their operations as well as their usage in real time field  Analyze different types of antenna arrays and their field emission along with their mathematical formulations  Awareness on the propagation of the waves at different frequencies through different layers in the existing layered free space environment structure and wave spectrum and respective band based antenna usage and respective issues.

SCOPE  Existing technologies: Telecommunication, TV broadcasting, DTH, Satellite communication, Wireless communication  Mobile equipment:

Portable handsets and miniature units which can befitted on a wristwatch.  Electronic warfare (EW): Military technology which facilitates prevention of effective exploitation of electromagnetic spectrum by an adversary, while ensuring its friendly use.

Prerequisites  Knowledge of basics of electromagnetic wave theory  Acceleration and deceleration of charges and radiation  Knowledge of the application of EM theory on Transmission line  Circuit behavior of transmission line and its primary and secondary parameters and their changes along the length of the line .

SYLLABUS UNIT:1 Antenna basics: introduction, basic antenna parameters-patterns, beam area, radiation intensity, beam efficiency, directivity/gain resolution, antenna aperture, effective height, illustrative problems. Fields from oscillating dipole, field zones, shape: impedance considerations, antenna temperature, front to back ratio, antenna theroms, radiation: basic max well equations retarded potentials: Helmholtz theorem. Thin linear wire antennas- radiation from small electric dipole, quarter wave monopole and half wave dipole-current distributions, field comparisons, radiated power, radiation resistance, beam width, directivity, effective area and effective height, natural current distributions, far fields and patterns of thin linear centre fed antennas of different lengths, illustrative problems. Loop antennas-introduction, small loop, comparision of far fields of small loop and short dipole, radiation resistance and directives of small and large loops(qualitative treatment)

UNIT:II

VHF, UHF, MICROWAVE ANTENNAS:1Arrays with parasitic elements, yagi-uda array, folded dipoles and their characteristics, helical antennas-helical geometry, helix modes, practical design considerations for monofilar helical antenna in axial and normal modes. Horn antennas-types,fermat’s principal, optimum horns, design considerations of pyramidal horns, illustrative problems.

UNIT:III-VHF, UHF, MICROWAVE ANTENNA-iiMicro strip antennas-introduction, features, adv and limitations, rectangular patch antennasgeometry and parameters, characteristics of micro strip antennas. Impact of different parameters on characteristics, reflector antenna-introduction, flat sheet and corner reflectors, parabolic reflector-geometry ,pattern characteristics, feed methods, reflector types-related features, illustrative problems.

UNIT:IV Antenna arrays: Point Sources- Definition, Patterns, arrays of 2 Isotropic Sources Different Cases, Principle of patterns Multiplication, uniform Liners Arrays – Broadside Arrays, End fire Arrays, EFA with Increased Directivity, Derivation of their Characteristics and Comparison, BSAs with Non-uniform Amplitude Distributions-General Considerations and Binomials Arrays, IIIustrative problems. Lens antennas- introduction, geometry of non-metallic, dielectric Lenses, zoning, tolerances, applications. Antenna measurements: introduction, concepts-reciprocity, near and far fields, coordinate system.

UNIT:V Wave propagation1: Introduction, definitions, categorization and general classifications, different modes of wave propagation, ray/mode concepts, ground wave propagation (qualitative treatment)- introduction, plane earth reflections, space and surface waves, wave tilt, curved earth reflections .space wave propagation- introduction, field strength variation with distance and height, effect of earth’s curvature, absorption. Super refraction, m-curves and duct propagation, scattering phenomena, troposphere propagation, fading and path loss calculations. Wave propagationII: Sky wave propagation-introduction, structure of ionosphere, refraction and reflection of sky wave by ionosphere, ray path, critical frequency, MUF,LUF,OF,Virtual

height and skip distance, relation between MUF,and skip distance, multichop propagation, energy loss in ionosphere, summary of wave characteristics in different frequency ranges. GATE : SYLLABUS – GATE UNIT I antenna parame ters, electric dipole, qua rter wave monopole and half wave dipole, retarded potentials: Helmholtz theorem, field compari sons, radi ated power, radiation resis tance, UNIT II

Yagi-uda array, folded dipoles and their characteristics, helical antennas-helical geometry, helix modes, Horn antennas UNIT III Micro strip antennas, reflector antenna, Lens antennas UNIT IV End fire Arrays, EFA,B SA

UNIT V

Different modes of wave propagation, space and surface wave propagation, Sky wave and M-curves

IES SYLLABUS – IES UNIT I antenna parame ters, electric dipole, qua rter wave monopole and half wave dipole, retarded potentials: Helmholtz theorem, . Loop antennas UNIT II Yagi-uda array, folded dipoles and their characteristics, helical antennas-helical geometry, helix modes, L ens antennas UNIT III reflector antenna, Antenna Measurements UNIT IV End fire Arrays, EFA,B SA, Concepts-Reciprocity UNIT V Different modes of w ave propagation, space and surface wa ve propagation, Sky wave and M-curves, critical frequency, MU F, LUF, OF, Virtual height and skip distance, relation between MUF, and skip distance, Multihop propagation.

Suggested Books TEXT BOOKS T1.

Antennas and wave propagation-J.D.kraus, R.J.Marhefka and Ahmad S.khan, TMH,

New Delhi, 4th edition,(special indian edition) 2010.

T2.Electromagnetic wave and radiating systems-E.C.Jordan and k.g.balmann,phi,2nd ,edition 2000.

REFERENCE BOOKS R1. Antenna Theory-C.A.Balanis, Johnwiley And Sons, 3rd , Edition,2005. R2.Antenna And Wave Propagation-K.D.Prasad,SatyaPrakashan Tech India Publications, New Delhi ,2001. R3. Transmission and propagation-E.V.D Glazier and H.R.L...Lamont, the services text book of radio, vol 5, standard R4. Electronic and radio engineering-F.E.Terman,MCGraw-hill,4th edition,1955. Antennes-John d.kraus, MC Graw-Hill(international édition) 2nd édition 1988,

R5.

Websites •

www.ieee.org

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http://nptel.ac.in

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www.educypedia.be/electronic/digital.com

•

www.iitb.ac.in

•

www.iitm.ac.in

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www.iitr.ac.in

•

www.iitg.ernet.in

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www.bits-pilani.ac.in

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www.iisc.ernet.in

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www.samsung.com

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www.vedaiit.com

Expert Details International •

Dr. Peter Gammel, Senior Vice President of Electronics at Advance Nanotech.

National: 

Dr.K. LAL KISHORE, PhD, MIEEE, FIETE, MISTE, MISHM, JNTU, Hyderabad



Mr .SUNDARAM, AGM,CAD R&D ,ECIL ,Hyderabad..



Mr

.

RAJENDRA

University,Hyderabad Regional:

NAIK,

Asst

Prof,

Dept

of

ECE,

Osmania



Dr. N.S.Murthy, Professor and Head Dept. of ECE, REC, Warangal - 506004 (India) email: [email protected]

 S.G Vinayaka Prasad, Sr. App. Engineer, Silicon Micro Systems  DR. M. MadhaviLatha, JNTU, Hyderabad  Dr. Sarat Chandra Babu, Centre Head C-DAC, Hyderabad email: [email protected]  Dr.G.S.N. RAJU ,VIZAG.

JOURNALS 1.International Journal of Antennas and wave propagation 2. International Journal of Electromagnitics 3 .IEEE magazine 4.Educational journal of IETE

Teaching Schedule/Lesson plan S.NO

TOPIC TO BE COVERED

Suggested Books (Eg. T1, T2,R5)

NO. OF LECTURES REQUIRED

No.of periods required= 9

UNIT - I

1.

6

Antenna basics: introduction, basic antenna parameters-patterns, beam area, Radiation Intensity, Beam Efficiency, Directivity/Gain Resolution, Antenna aperture, effective height,. Fields from oscillating dipole, field zones, shape: impedance Considerations, antenna temperature, front to back ratio, Antenna Theroms,Radiation:Basic Max Well Equations Retardedpotentials:helmholtz theorem.

7

Illustrative Problems

T1,T2,R2,R4

L10

9

Thin linear wire antennasradiation from small electric dipole Quarter wave monopole

T1,T2,R2,R4

L11

T1,T2,R2,R4

L12

half wave distributions Field comparisons

T1,T2,R2,R4

L13

T1,T2,R2,R4

L14

T1,T2,R2,R4

L15

T1,T2,R2,R4

L16

T1,T2,R2,R4

L17

T1,T2,R2,R4

L18

T1,T2,R2,R4

L19

T1,T2,R2,R4

L20

T1,T2,R2,R4

L21

T1,T2,R2,R4

L22

2. 3.

4. 5

10 11 12 13 14 15 16

17 18

19

20

dipole-current

Radiated power, radiation resistance Beam width, directivity, effective area effective height, natural current distributions Far fields and patterns of thin linear centre fed antennas of differe nt lengths Loop antennas-introduction Small loop,comparision of far fields of small loop and short dipole Radiation resistance and dir ectives of small and large loops(qualitative treatme nt Illustrative problems

Remarks

T1,T2,R2,R4

L1

T1,T2,R2,R4

L2,L3

T1,T2,R2,R4

L4

T1,T2,R2,R4

L5

T1,T2,R2,R4

L6,L7

T1,T2,R2,R4

L8,L9

No.of periods required=10

UNIT-IV 21 22 23 24

Antenna arrays: Point SourcesDefinition, Patterns Arrays of 2 Isotropic Sources Differ ent Cases Principle of patterns Multiplication, uniform Liners Arr ays – Broadside Arrays

T1,T2,R2,R4

L23

T1,T2,R2,R4

L24

T1,T2,R2,R4

L25

T1,T2,R2,R4

L26

25

End fire Arra ys

T1,T2,R2,R4

L27

26

EFA with Increased Directivity

T1,T2,R2,R4

L28

27

Derivation of their Characteristics and Compa rison BSAs with Non-uniform Amplitude

T1,T2,R2,R4

L29

T1,T2,R2,R4

L30

29

Distributions-General Considerations and Binomia ls Arrays.

T1,T2,R2,R4

L31

30

illustrative problems

T1,T2,R2,R4

L32

28

No.of periods required= 9

UNIT-II 31

33

VHF,UHF,MICROWAVE ANTENNAS:1arrays with parasitic eleme nts Yagi- udaarray,f olded dipoles and their characteristics helical antennas-helical geometr y,

34

Helix modes

T1,T2,R2,R4

L37

35

Practical design considerations for monofilar helical antenna in axial and normal modes. Hornantennas-types,fermat’s principal, Optimum horns, de sign considerations of pyr amidal horns, Illustrative problems.

T1,T2,R2,R4

L38

T1,T2,R2,R4

L38

T1,T2,R2,R4

L39

T1,T2,R2,R4

L40

32

36 37 38

T1,T2,R2,R4

L33

T1,T2,R2,R4

L34,L35

T1,T2,R2,R4

L36

No.of periods required= 8

UNIT-III 39

VHF,UHF,MICROWAVE ANTENNAii- micro strip antennas-introduction

T1,T2,R2,R4

L41

40

Features, adv and limitations, rectangular patch Antennas-geometry and parameters, characteristics of micro strip antennas

T1,T2,R2,R4

L42

T1,T2,R2,R4

L43

41

42 43 44 45 46

48

49 50

51 52 53

impact of different parameters on characteristics, Reflector antenna-introduction,flat sheet and corner reflectors parabolicreflector-geometry,pattern characteristics Feed methods, reflector types-related features Illustrative problems

T1,T2,R2,R4

L44

T1,T2,R2,R4

L45

T1,T2,R2,R4

L46

T1,T2,R2,R4

L47

T1,T2,R2,R4

L48

Lens antennasintroduction, geome try of non-metallic dielectric lenses Zoning,tolerances,applications.

T1,T2,R2,R4

L49

T1,T2,R2,R4

L50

Antenna measureme nts: introduction, conceptsreciprocity,ne ar and far fields Coordinate system, source of errors Patterns to be measured, pattern mea surement arrangement Directivity measur ement

T1,T2,R2,R4

L51

T1,T2,R2,R4

L52

T1,T2,R2,R4

L53

T1,T2,R2,R4

L54

54

Gain measurement(by comparision, absolute and 3-antenna methods.)

T1,T2,R2,R4

L55

55

Illustrative Problems

T1,T2,R2,R4

L56 No.of periods required= 9

UNIT-V 56

57 58

59 60

61 62 63

Introduction, definitions, categorization and general classifications Different modes of wave propagation , Ray/mode concepts Ground wave propagation (qualitative treatme nt)introduction, plane earth reflections, Space and surface waves, wave tilt, curved earth reflections space wave propagationintroduction, field strength variation with distance and height Effect of earth’s curvature, absorption. Super refraction, m-curves and duct propagation scattering phenomena, troposphere propagation, fading and path loss calculations

T1, R2,R4

L57

T1,R2,R4

L58

T1, R2,R4

L59

T1, R2,R4

L60

T1, R2,R4

L61

T1, R2,R4

L62

T1, R2,R4

L63

T1, R2,R4

L64

No.of periods required= 7

UNIT-V-2 64

Sky wave propagation-introduction

T1, R2,R4

L66

65

Structure of ionosphere, refraction and reflection of sky wave by ionosphere Ray path, critical frequency, MUF, LUF, OF, frequency ranges. height and skip distance, Relation between MUF,and skip distance Multihop propagation, Energy loss in ionosphere, summary of wave characteristics in different1

T1, R2,R4

L67

T1, R2,R4

L68,L69

T1, R2,R4

L70

T1, R2,R4

L71,L72

66 67

68

COURSE OUTCOMES: CO 1 CO 2 CO 3 CO 4 CO 5

Aware of different parameters and their consideration in design viz. antenna beam , its efficiency ,radiation efficiency etc… and capable of analyse the designed antenna and its field evaluations and various conditions Understand the design issues, operation of fundamental antennas like Yagi-Uda and their operation methodology Understand the design issues, operation of advanced antennas like Micro strip and lens antennas and their operation methodology. Understand the array system of different antennas and field analysis under application of different currents to individual antenna elements Knowledge about the means of propagation of electromagnetic wave and also frequency dependent layer selection, the issues present in the transmission

Question Bank PREVIOUS QUESTION PAPERS UNIT:1

1. Derive the relationship between directivity and effective area, directivity and effective length. 2. Define 1) Radiation Intensity, ii) Beam Area, iii) Effective Height and iv) Resolution 3. Define and explain Directivity and Power Gain of an Antenna. Prove that the directivity of a half wave dipole is 2.15dB. 4. What are principle planes? How the Antenna Beam Width is defined in such planes 5. Define and explain the following terms.

i). Gain ii).Directivity iii). Radiation Resistance iv). Bandwidth 6 Define the following terms:

i) Gain. ii) Directivity iii) Radiation resistance iv)Effectivearea. 7. Derive the relationship between Directive Gain, Radiation Resistance and Effective Length .

8. Define the terms electrostatic field, induction field, and radiation field of an antenna and bring out their significance 1. Mention the frequency ranges of operation and applications of

i) Loop antenna ii) Helical antenna iii) Lens antenna. 2. Derive the EMF equation for a small loop antenna. 3. Explain radiation from a quarter wave monopole with sketches. 4. Explain radiation from a quarter wave monopole with sketches. 5.Prove that for a Hertizian dipole, the aperture area is 0.12 2λ and for a half wave dipole, it is 0.132λ and for an isotropic radiator, it is 0.082λ. Explain relations used. 6. Explain radiation from a quarter wave monopole with sketches. 7. Draw the radiation pattern of an dipole Antenna and explain all its characteristics? 8. Find the radiation resistance and directivity of a circular loop antenna of 20 cm. diameter at a frequency of 100 MHz what happens i) if the loop is changed in to a square loop of same area. ii) ii) If the no. of turns of the circular loop is doubled. 9. What is an elementary doublet? How does it differ from the infinitesimal dipole? 10. 10m high monopole is to be used as a porta...