AP Human Geography Unit 5 Guide (fin) PDF

Preview

Summary

asdfasdf...

Description

AP HUG Unit 5 Guide Agriculture About this Unit This unit focuses on how food is grown in different societies. This unit has a lot to do with development. It is important to understand the concepts of agriculture in human geography—agriculture ties into patterns of development, political/economic power, and food availability.

Learning Targets These are the essential things that you will be tested on in your AP Exam. Your unit tests will consist of these exact things. There will be questions for each of the things listed below on your unit test. You need to know the information listed in the each cell and the “skills” tells you what you will need to master in order to answer questions correctly.

5. 1I nt r oduct i ont o Agri cul t ur e

A.1 Agricultural practices are influenced by the physical environment, and climactic conditions, such as the Mediterranean climate and tropical climates. A.2 Intensive farming practices include market gardening, plantation agriculture, and mixed crop/livestock systems. A.3 Extensive farming practices include shifting cultivation, nomadic herding, and ranching.

Skills: Explain the connection between physical geography and agricultural practices. 5. 2Set t l ementPat t erns andSurveyMet hods

B.1 Specific agricultural practices shape different rural land-use patterns. B.2 Rural settlement patterns are classified as clustered, dispersed or linear B.3 Rural survey methods include metes and bounds, township and range, and long lot.

Skills: Identify different rural settlement patterns and methods of surveying rural settlements. 5. 3Agri cul t uralOri gi ns andDi ffus i ons

C.1 Early hearths of domestication of plants and animals arose in the Fertile Crescent and several other regions of the world, including the Indus River Valley, Southeast Asia, and Central America. C.2 Patters of diffusion, such as the Columbian Exchange, and the agricultural revolutions, resulted in the global spread of various plants and animals.

Skills: Identify major centers of domestication of plants and animals. Explain how plants and animals diffused globally. 5. 4TheSecond D.1 New technology and increased food production in the second agricultural revolution Agri cul t ur alRevol ut i on led to better diets, longer life expectancies, and more people available for work in factories. Skills: Agriculture has changed over time because of cultural diffusion and advances in technology. 5. 5TheGreen Revol ut i on

E.1 The Green Revolution was characterized in agriculture by the use of high-yield seeds, increased use of chemicals, and mechanized farming. E.2 The Green Revolution had positive and negative consequences for both human populations and the environment.

Skills: Agriculture has changed over time because of cultural diffusion and advances in technology. 5. 6Agri cul t ural Pr oduct i onRegi ons

F.1 Agricultural production regions are defined by the extent to which they reflect subsistence or commercial practices (monocropping or monoculture). F.2 Intensive and extensive farming practices are determined in part by land costs (bidrent theory) Skills: Explain how economic forces influence agricultural practices.

5. 7Spat i alOr gani zat i on ofAgri cul t ure

G.1 Large-scale commercial agricultural operations are replacing small family farms. G.2 Complex commodity chains link production and consumption of agricultural products. G.3 Technology has increased economies of scale in the agricultural sector and the carrying capacity of the land. Skills: Explain how economic forces influence agricultural practices.

5. 8VonThünenModel

H.1 Von Thünen’s model helps to explain rural land use by emphasizing the importance of transportation costs associated with distance from the market H.2 Regions of specialty farming do not always conform to von Thünen’s concentric rings. Skills: Describe how the von Thünen model is used to explain patterns of agricultural production at various scales.

5. 9TheGl obalSys t em of I1. Food and other agricultural products are part of a global supply chain. Agri cul t ure I.2 Some countries have become highly dependent on one or more export commodities

I.3 The main elements of global food distribution networks are affected by political relationships, infrastructure, and patters of world trade. Skills: Explain the interdependence among regions of agricultural production and consumption. 5. 10Cons equencesof Agri cul t uralPr act i ces

J.1 Environmental effects of agricultural land use include pollution, land cover change, desertification, soil salinization, and conservation efforts. J.2 Agricultural practice—including slash and burn, terraces, irrigation, deforestation, draining wetlands, shifting cultivation, and pastoral nomadism—alter the landscape. J.3 Societal effects of Agricultural practices including changing diets, role of women in

agricultural production, and economic purpose. Skills: Explain how agricultural practices have environmental and societal consequences. 5. 11Chal l engesof Cont emporary Agri cul t ure

K.1 Agricultural innovations such as biotechnology, genetically modified organisms, and aquaculture have been accompanied by debates over sustainability, soil and water usage, reductions in biodiversity, and extensive fertilizer and pesticide use.

K.2 Patterns of food production and consumption are influenced by movements relating to individual food choice, such as urban farming, communitysupported agriculture (CSA), organic farming, value-added specialty crops, fair trade, local-food movements, and dietary shifts. K.3 Challenges of feeding a global population include lack of food access, as in cases of food insecurity and food deserts, problems of distribution systems, adverse weather; and land use lost to suburbanization. K.4 The location of food-processing facilities and markets, economies of scale, distribution systems, and government policies all have economic effects on foodproduction practices. Skills: Explain challenges and debates related to the changing nature of contemporary agriculture and foo-production practices. 5. 12Womeni n Agri cul t ure

L.1 The role of females in food production, distribution, and consumption varies in many places depending on the type of production involved. Skills: Explain geographic variations in female roles in food production and consumption.

Map Quiz South America and Central America.

Critical Vocabulary These are important terms that you must know. This list is not exhaustive, meaning there are other words that you will need to know, I am just giving you ones that I believe to be the most important for AP Exam review and general study.

Yield

the amount of an agricultural product produced in an area of cultivation

Transhumance Agriculture Climate Extensive agriculture Intensive agriculture Market gardening Mediterranean climate Mixed crop/livestock Nomadic herding Plantation Ranching Shifting cultivation

Slash-and-burn agriculture

Tropical climate Base line Clustered Dispersed Linear settlement Long Lot Metes and bounds

Surveying Township and range Columbian Exchange

Domestication Fertile Cresecent First Agricultural Revolution Second Agricultural Revolution Green Revolution

moving flocks into the highlands for summer (cooler) and returning to lowlands for the winter (warmer) modifying the environment to raise plants or animals for food or other uses the prevailing weather conditions in general over a long period of time agriculture that uses small amounts of labor on a large area of land agriculture that uses a lot of labor on a small area of land small-scale, manual labor agricultural production of a variety of crops to be sold locally a climate with warm, dry summers and cool, mild winters mainly found around the Mediterranean Sea a farm that raises animal but also feed for those animals and makes money selling the animal products raising animals and traveling from place to place with them to find pasture for their animals a usually large commercial farm that specializes in one or two crops, usually semitropical or tropical areas commercial agriculture that allows livestock to wander a large area to feed using for meat or wool subsistence agriculture form used in tropical areas that cuts down vegetation for burning which provides nourishment to the soil – every few years the farmer must move to a new location as the nutrients are gone and repeat subsistence agriculture form used in tropical areas that cuts down vegetation for burning which provides nourishment to the soil – every few years the farmer must move to a new location as the nutrients are gone and repeat (Usually around the equator) areas that have an average temperature above 64° and get substantial precipitation in the United States a baseline is the principal east-west line (i.e., a parallel) upon which all rectangular surveys in a defined area are based a pattern of rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each others' fields and surround the settlement. settlement pattern with people living relatively far from each other on their farms a rural land use pattern that creates a long, narrow settlement around a river, coast, or road that looks like a line a rural land use pattern that divides land into long, narrow lined up along a waterway or road a system of describing parcels of land where the metes are the lines (including angle and distance that surround the property) and bound describes features such as a river or public road examining and measuring the surface of the Earth for planning, preparing to build, or mapping a system of dividing large parcels of where the townships describe how far north or south from the center point a widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations, communicable diseases, and ideas between the American and Afro-Eurasian hemishperes that was launched by Columbus's voyages the process of taming plants or animals for human use a crescent-shaped area in Southwest Asia where settled farming first began to emerge leading leading to the rise of cities time when people first domesticate plants and animals which allows people to live in one place coincides with the Industrial Revolution; increasing yield and access through machines and transportation the spread of new technologies like high yield seeds and chemical fertilizers to the developing world in the 1960s and 1970s

Bid-rent theory Commercial agriculture Monocropping Monoculture Subsistence agriculture Agribusiness Commodity chain (supply chain) Economies of scale Export commodity Conservation Deforestation Desertification Irrigation Pastoral nomadism Soil salinization Terrace farming Aquaculture Biodiversity Biotechnology Community supported agriculture (CSA) Food deserts Genetically Modified Organism Local food movements Organic farming Urban farming Value added specialty crops Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation (CAFO) Pasture Sustainable agriculture Combine Crop rotation Double cropping Swidden

a geographic theory that states the price and demand for real estate change as the distance from the central business district (CBD) increases when the focus of agriculture is to produce a product to sell to other people agricultural practice of growing a single crop year after year on the same land the cultivation of a single crop in a given area when the focus of agriculture is to produce enough for to feed the family but with little, if any, profit system of commercial agriculture that links various industries to the farm links that connect production and distribution of goods cost advantages that come producing a large amount of an item goods sent from one country to another for sale the protection of wildlife and natural resources human-driven and natural loss of trees for not forest use the process of a dry area becoming drier and losing vegetation moving water to where you need it herding animals and migrating with them to find pasture areas without a permanent pasture area the slow build up of salt in soil, particularly in irrigated areas, that makes soil unable to grow plants method of growing crops on the sides of hills or mountains by planting on man-made steps (terraces) raising and harvesting fish, shellfish, and aquatic plants the variety of life forms – used a measure of the health of a biological system the use of living organisms in the manufacture of drugs or other products or for environmental management a system in which a farm operation is supported by shareholders within the community who share both the benefits and risks of food production an urban area in which it is difficult to buy affordable or good-quality fresh food living thing that has been altered through genetic engineering encouraging people to eat foods which are grown or farmed relatively close to the places of sale and preparation farming that uses natural fertilizers and natural methods of pest control instead of artificial integrating growing crops or raising animals into an urban ecosystem changing the physical state or form of an agricultural product in a way that increases it's worth (wheat into flour or berries into jam) a farm where many animals are kept in tight quarters in a small area

large area of grassy land where it is appropriate to keep livestock using farming techniques that protect the environment, public health, human communities, and animal welfare and can go on indefinitely machine that reaps, threshes, and cleans grain while moving over a field temporarily changing crops to limit the depletion of soil nutrients growing more than one crop in the same field in the same growing season a plot of land prepared for shifting cultivation by burning the natural vegetation...