A&P Test 1 Review Sheet PDF

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Anatomy and Physiology I

Exam I Review Sheet with answers

1) Gross Anatomy vs. Microscopic Anatomy Gross Anatomy: (Macroscopic anatomy) examines large, visible structures Microscopic Anatomy: examines cells and molecules 2) Levels of Organization: Chemical (or molecular) Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism 3) Functions of Each Organ System Integumentary: -Major organs: skin, hair, sweat glands, nails -Functions: Protects, help regulate temperature, provides sensory information Skeletal: -Major organs: bones, cartilage, ligaments, bone marrow -Functions: supports and protects, stores calcium and other minerals, forms blood cells Muscular: -Major Organs: skeletal muscles and tendons -Functions: movement, protection and support, generates heat Nervous: -Major Organs: Brain, Spinal cord, Peripheral nerves, Sense organs -Functions: Directs immediate responses to stimuli, Coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems, Provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions Endocrine: -Major Organs: Pituitary gland, Pancreas, Gonads, Endocrine tissues in other systems, Thyroid gland, Adrenal glands -Functions: Directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems, Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body, Controls many structural and functional changes during development Cardiovascular: -Major Organs: Heart, Blood, Blood vessels -Functions: Distributes blood cells, water and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide, Distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature Lymphatic: -Major Organs: Spleen, Thymus, Lymphatic vessels, Lymph nodes, Tonsils -Functions: Defends against infection and disease, Returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream Respiratory: -Major Organs: Nasal cavities, Sinuses, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs, Alveoli

-Functions: Delivers air to alveoli (sites in lungs where gas exchange occurs), Provides oxygen to bloodstream, Removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream, Produces sounds for communication Digestive: -Major Organs: Teeth, Tongue, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, Large intestine, Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas -Functions: Processes and digests food, Absorbs and conserves water, Absorbs nutrients, Stores energy reserves Urinary: -Major Organs: Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary bladder, Urethra -Functions: Excretes waste products from the blood, Controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced, Stores urine prior to voluntary elimination, Regulates blood ion concentrations and pH Male Reproductive: -Major Organs: Testes, Epididymides, Ductus deferentia, Seminal vesicles, Prostate gland, Penis, Scrotum -Functions: Produces male sex cells (sperm), suspending fluids, and hormones, Sexual intercourse Female Reproductive: -Major Organs: Ovaries, Uterine tubes, Uterus, Vagina, Labia, Clitoris, Mammary glands -Functions: Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones, Supports developing embryo from conception to delivery, Provides milk to nourish newborn infant, Sexual intercourse 4) Homeostasis: All body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment. Systems respond to external and internal changes to function within a normal range (body temperature, fluid balance) a. Negative Feedback: The response of the effector negates the stimulus. Body is brought back into homeostasis b. Positive Feedback: The response of the effector increases change of the stimulus. Body is moved away from homeostasis 5. Anatomical Position: hands at sides, palms forward Supine: lying down, face up Prone: lying down, face down 6. Directional Terms 7. Planes of the Body 8. Organs In the thoracic cavity vs. Organs of Abdominal and Pelvic Cavities 9. Ventral Body Cavity vs. Dorsal Body Cavity

Ventral: Divided by the diaphragm: Thoracic cavity & Abdominopelvic cavity Dorsal: Head and spine 10. Regions and Quadrants of the Body 11. 4 Tissue categories: -Epithelial: Covers exposed surfaces, Lines internal passageways, & Forms glands -Connective: Fills internal spaces, Supports other tissues, Transports materials, Stores energy -Muscle: Specialized for contraction, Skeletal muscle, heart muscle, and walls of hollow organs -Nervous: Carries electrical signals from one part of the body to another 12. Characteristics and Functions of Epithelial Tissue -Characteristics: Cellularity (cell junctions), Polarity (apical and basal surfaces), Attachment (basement membrane or basal lamina), Avascularity, Regeneration -Functions: Provide Physical Protection, Control Permeability, Provide Sensation, Produce Specialized Secretions (glandular epithelium) 13. Function of cilia and microvilli -Microvilli increase absorption or secretion -Cilia (ciliated epithelium) move fluid 14. 3 Basic Shapes of Epithelial: -Squamous: Simple squamous epithelium: Absorption and diffusion, Mesothelium, Lines body cavities, Endothelium, Lines heart and blood vessels Stratified squamous epithelium: Protects against attacks, Keratin protein adds strength and water resistance -Cuboidal: Simple cuboidal epithelium: Secretion and absorption Stratified cuboidal epithelia: Sweat ducts and mammary ducts -Columnar: Simple columnar epithelium: Absorption and secretion

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium: Cilia movement Stratified columnar epithelium: Protection 15. Modes of Secretion: -Merocrine Secretion: Produced in Golgi apparatus ( a cell organelle ), Released by vesicles (exocytosis), For example, sweat glands -Apocrine Secretion: Produced in Golgi apparatus, Released by shedding cytoplasm, For example, mammary glands -Holocrine Secretion: Released by cells bursting, killing gland cells, Gland cells replaced by stem cells, For example, sebaceous glands 16. Connective Tissue Types a. Makes up liver, spleen, kidneys ______________________ b. Tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses, elastic tissue are all _________ connective tissue. 17. Serous Membranes (Pleura vs. peritoneum vs. pericardium) -Serous Membranes: Line cavities that are not open to the outside, Are thin but strong, Have fluid transudate to reduce friction, Have a parietal portion covering the cavity, Have a visceral portion ( serosa) covering the organs Pleura: Lines pleural cavities, Covers lungs Peritoneum: Lines peritoneal cavity, Covers abdominal organs Pericardium: Lines pericardial cavity, Covers heart 18. 3 Types of Muscle tissue, 2 that are striated, two that are involuntary. -Smooth Muscle: Small and tapered, Can divide and regenerate -Cardiac Muscle: Called cardiocytes, Form branching networks connected at intercalated discs, Regulated by pacemaker cells -Skeletal Muscle: Long and thin, Usually called muscle fibers, Do not divide &New fibers are produced by stem cells (myosatellite cells) 19. Nerve Tissue -Neural Tissue: (Also called nervous or nerve tissue) Specialized for conducting electrical impulses, Rapidly senses internal or external environment, Processes information and controls responses Neural tissue is concentrated in the central nervous system: Brain & Spinal cord

20. Component and Function of cells in Connective Tissue Proper -Fibroblasts: The most abundant cell type, Found in all connective tissue proper, Secrete proteins and hyaluronan (cellular cement) -Fibrocytes: The second most abundant cell type, Found in all connective tissue proper, Maintain the fibers of connective tissue proper -Adipocytes: Fat cells, Each cell stores a single, large fat droplet -Mesenchymal Cells: Stem cells that respond to injury or infection, Differentiate into fibroblasts, macrophages, etc. -Macrophages: Large, amoeba-like cells of the immune system, Eat pathogens and damaged cells, Fixed macrophages stay in tissue, Free macrophages migrate -Mast Cells: Stimulate inflammation after injury or infection, Release histamine and heparin , Basophils are leukocytes (white blood cells) that also contain histamine and heparin -Lymphocytes: Specialized immune cells in lymphatic (lymphoid) system, For example, lymphocytes may develop into plasma cells (plasmocytes) that produce antibodies -Microphages: Phagocytic blood cells, Respond to signals from macrophages and mast cells, For example, neutrophils and eosinophils -Melanocytes: Synthesize and store the brown pigment melanin 21. Tendons connect muscles to bone. 22. Ligaments connect bone to bone. 23. Basement Membrane is characteristic of what type of tissue and where would you find it? Basement membrane is found in epithelial tissue at the bottom-most layer

My advice for all tests is to read each chapter involved, come to every lecture, re-read all the power points, and then go over the review sheets. Just going over the review sheet will not give you the knowledge or information alone to get an A on the test....