A&P3 - W4 Hematological and Integumentary System PDF

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Summary

Taught by Donna Smeeton. Lecture on the hematological histology and the parts of the skin....

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A&P 3 – W4 – HEMATOLOGICAL AND INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM BLOOD = specialized connective tissue 

55% plasma, 45% RBC, buffy coat (WBC and platelets) o

plasma is 90% water

o

recognize what a normal blood smear looks like with all of platelets, neutrophils, basophils, etc.

ECM PLASMA vs SERUM serum = part of blood that is similar to plasma but excludes clotting factors (serum = plasma-fibrinogen) plasma = liquid, cell-free part of blood that has been treated with anticoagulants CELLS hematocrit - the proportion, by volume, of the blood that consists of RBCs 

RBC (erythrocyte)

99% of cells in blood, 5m o

7-8 um

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biconcave appearance allows for flexibility

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bulk of its cytoplasm consists of HEMOGLOBIN

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120 day life span, broken down by in the spleen

Disorders Anemia - caused by reduction in RBC count symptoms: fatigue, weakness, irregular heartbeats caused by: excessive bleeding, increased RBC destruction, decreased RBC reproduction o

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types: sickle cell, iron deficient, aplastic, vitamin-deficiency, hemolytic, multiple myeloma

WBC (leukocyte)

bigger, 1%, 5-10k normal count 4,500-11,00/ul (increases in infections and leukemias) penia = decrease in # of WBC, cytosis = increase in # of WBC released from BONE MARROW

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granular 1. basophil - dark blue, hidden nucleus  

rare/limited 0.5-1% anaphylactic shock, IMMEDIATE hypersensitive reaction

2. neutrophil - faint, pinkish granules    

60-70% / most abundant WBC phagocytic 12-15 um, twice the size of RBC FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE

3. eosinophil - red granules   o

allergies/parasitic 12-15 um, 1-3%

agranular 1. lymphocytes - single, spherical, deeply stained nucleus  

20-50% / 2nd most abundant WBC T cells, B cells, plasma cells

2. monocytes - 2 lobed nucleus    

12-15 um, like neutrophils 3-8% 3rd most abundant garbage collector, ingests debris

Platelets - derived from bone marrow megakaryocytes

tiny, 300k involved in hemostasis (STOPS BLEEDING), promoting the coagulation cascade o

thrombocytopenia - deficiency

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thrombocytosis - too much (primary = abnormality in bone marrow / secondary = caused by another condition)

HEMATOLOGY TESTS, BLOOD SMEAR know parts of a thin blood film head - near the drop of blood body - main part of the blood film tail - tapering end of blood film protection, thermoregulation, moisture control, excretion

STRUCTURE 1. epidermis - stratified squamous o

layers

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thick skin = 5 layers / thin skin = 4 layers 1. stratum basale - germinal layer of epidermis where all cells start from 

has melanocytes in THIN SKIN ONLY

2. stratum spinosum - 4-6 layers of spiny cells 

more mature (most of the epidermis)

3. stratus granulosum - flatted keratinocytes (keratohyalin granules produce keratin) 

last nucleated layer, rest are dead

4. stratum lucidum - only in THICK SKIN  

tightly packed, no nuclei / dead keratinocytes, lowers friction effects

5. stratum corneum - horny layer (dead cells 20-30 layers thick)  o

keratin is constantly shed and replaced

Cell Population o o o

keratinocytes - produces keratin (deepest) langerhan's cells - macrophage-like dendritic cells melanocytes - make dark skin pigment melanin 

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melanin - works with TYROSINASE

Merkel cells - sensory nerve endings in basale layer

2. dermis - fibrous and provides nutrients, supporting epidermis o

types  

papillary layer - outer layer closest to epidermis, with areolar connective tissue, highly vascular and innervated reticular - DICT, arrector pili muscle, sebaceous glands

3. JUNCTION WITH EPIDERMIS 4. dermal papillae interdigitate with epidermal ridges 5. subcutaneous layer - loose connective with adipose o

also called - subcutin or hypodermis

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areolar and adipose

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JOBS  

shock absorber and thermal insulator stabilizes skin position

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inclusions

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hair and hair follicles 

keratinized shaft with root, associated with a sebaceous gland arrector pili

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bulb papilla - produces new hair and melanocytes

1. sebaceous (oil) glands - in thin (with hair follicle)  

exocrine produces sebum to soften and lubricate hair

2. sudoriferous (sweat) glands - in thin and thick  

eccrine - palms, soles apocrine

3. nails  

hardened keratin (nail matrix = rapidly dividing cells) hair...