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Appropriation Art Here is a question for you guys. Have you ever copied an image from a photograph, advertisement, magazines, journals, or other sources? When is it Ok and when is it not? In this contemporary world, we live in a culture that overflows with image, and objects. From television to the internet, from the mall to the junkshop, we are surrounded by words, images, objects that are cheap, free or throwaway. You may think that these are already useless and have no importance. Surprising or not, artists today incorporate these objects into their creative expressions and this is what we call appropriation in arts. To appropriate is to borrow. Appropriation in arts therefore is the practice of creating or even borrowing new work by taking a pre-existing image from another source such as from art history books, advertisements, media and then transforming or combining it with new ones. Other sources of appropriated images are works of art in the past and recent ones, historical documents, film, and television, products in the market. The source of an image or an object that was appropriated can be politically charged, symbolic, or ambiguous, or can even push the limits of imagery deemed acceptable for art. What does the artist do with the image which was appropriated? Any appropriated image can be photographed or digitally reproduced, copied by mechanical means using an overhead projector that is attached directly into the artwork or recreated in several ways. The result can be a real representation of the appropriated object or a genuine transformation. Sometimes artists recreate an object or repaint it. They may also alter its scale or style to create a new artwork. They may also juxtapose (placing it side by side) different objects or images, break them into fragments, or recontextualize (glossary) them — that is how they redefine images or objects by placing them in a new context so that it appears as an original work of art. Is the use of appropriation significant?

Yes, the use of appropriation in art has played a significant role in the history of the art such as those in the literary, visual, musical, and performing arts. In the visual art, for instance, to appropriate means to properly adopt, borrow: recycle or sample aspects of human - made, visual, cultural. In most cases the original ‘thing’ remains accessible as the original, without changes. Historical Background of Appropriation in Arts Appropriation in art started in 1970s with Richard Prince rephotographed avertisements such as for Marlboro cigarettes. His main work is on billboard advertising In 1980s, this art was commonly used by artists. One of them was Sherrie Levine who addressed the art of appropriating itself as a theme in arts. She often quotes the entire works in her own work, for example photographing photographs of Walker Evans. Levine plays with the theme of “almost same.” In the 1990s, artists continued to produce appropriation art, rising it as a mediun to address theories, political, and social issues, rather than to focus in the works themselves, In this digital age, appropriation have today become an everyday phenomenon. ’ The new generation “remix culture” have already taken the stage not only of the yisual arts but also of music, literature, dance and film. According to some artists, by liberating one finally from traditional concepts as originality, they will lead to new terms of understanding and defining art. Critical observers see this as the starting point of a huge problem. They say that if creation is based on nothing more than carefree processes of finding, copying, recombining, and manipulating pre-existing media concepts, forms, varies and alters of any source, art will be trivialized, low-demanding and a regressive activity. Some say that only last people (to include the artists) who have nothing to do are inspired in this way of appropriating arts. Copying, imitating, repeating, quoting original works of art is plagiarism and is a violation of the copyright law. Appropriation Art Cases Filed in Court Appropriation act has resulted in several copyright issues regarding its validity under copyright law. A number of case — law example have emerged

that investigate the division between transformative works and derivative works. Among those who faced a series of lawsuits were Andy Warhol on his famous “Campbell’s Soup Can,” Jeff Koon’s “String of Puppies”; Andrea Blanch’s “Silk Sandals by Gucci”; Damian Hurst’s sculpture “Hymn”; Richard Prince and companions on their painting “Canal Zone”, etc. The case is in favor for all respondents (sued artists). Appropriating a familiar object to make an art work can Prevent the artist claiming copyright ownership and artworks that “transformed the Original images are permitted” Appropriation of Art into Contemporary Narratives

Many artists today have been trained in specific artistic styles, mover rents, and techniques. These artists appropriate and transform works of art to varying degree to fit the theme and designs of the stories they wish to illustrate and put ‘ish. Their purpose of doing this is to increase the significance of their artworks.

In fine arts, for instance, there are three forms of narrative appropriateness; 1. reproduction; 2. transfiguration; 3. stylization.

Reproduction is the mimetic reproduction of an original work of fine art, a faithful rendering of an original artwork, most frequently achieved through a photographic or digital rendering process. In transfiguration, a single work of fine art is identifiable but the artist has transformed the image to fit the context and purpose of a particular picture board, narrative and design. In stylization, a specific work is not readily identifiable but a particular art movement, for example surrealism may be adopted upon by the illustrator. .

Five Acts of Cultural Appropriation

These are: object appropriation, context appropriation, style appropriation, motif appropriation, and subject appropriation.

Object appropriation is latency of objects for appropriation as works of arts. A motif may be repeated, copied, in a pattern or design, often many times for appropriation use.

Appropriation in Contemporary Arts (Adapted from Barbara Kruger, 1987 posted in the Internet)

In separating images from the original context of their own media, we allow them to take on new and varied meanings. The process and nature of appropriation has considered by anthropologists as part of the study of cultural change and cross-cultural contact. °

Images and elements of culture that have been appropriated commonly involve famous and recognizable works of art, well known literature, and easily accessible images from the media.

The first artist to successfully demonstrate forms of appropriation within his work is widely considered to be Marcel Duchamp. He devised the concept of thé ‘readymade’, which essentially involved an item being chosen by the artist, signed by the artist and repositioned into a gallery context.

By asking the viewer to consider the object as art, Duchamp was appropriating it. For Duchamp, the work of the artist was in selecting the object. Whilst the beginnings of appropriation can be located to the beginning of the 20 century through the innovations of Duchamp, it is often said that if the art of the 1980’, could be epitomized by any one technique or practice, it would be appropriation, The concepts of originality and of authorship are central to the debate of ropriation in contemporary art. We shall discuss these in depth in order to contextualize the works we will investigate later in this topic. To properly examine the concept, it is also necessary to consider the work of the artists associated with appropriation with regards to their motivations, reasoning, and the effect of their work.

Finally, the writer concluded that the notion of authority is still very present within appropriation in contemporary art - but diminished responsibility. To sum up: Cultural Appropriation: What is it and Why is it Wrong? The idea of cultural appropriation has entered in the mainstream of contemporary society, casting doubt on legitimacy of everything. The reason is: it can provoke anything from a less serious to serious offense — a violation of the copyright law. It can also provoke the originator, the author of the work that was appropriated to sue in court the person who appropriated the work (transformer, borrower, a mild term) - but it remains hard to defend and prosecute. What is it then? Cultural appropriation, in terms of art, is when someone adopts, copy, transfer, borrow, transform something, an object, image, motif, etc. from a culture that is not his or her own — a photograph, a book, clothing style, hair style etc. Unlike cultural exchange in which there is mutual interchange, appropriation of an artwork is much different. What's wrong with Appropriation? The problem arises when somebody takes something from another less dominant culture (especially without the knowledge of the original owner) in a _ Way that members of that culture find undesirable and offensive. Handicrafts were later improved and adapted according ta environmental conditions and accepted as an art that reflects artistic sense, feelings, and cultural; characteristics of a society. Weaving is another art form of traditional crafts. Materials used in weaving consist of wool, mohair, cotton, bristles, and silk. It can be done with all kinds of cloth. Its products include plait, carpets, rugs, and felt obtained by epmning thread, connecting the fibers together or by other materials. The Ilocos region, particularly the Ilocos provinces are very well known in the traditional weaving industry. Weaving as a handicraft has been practiced

formany years in the Philippines and considered primarily as a means of earning a livelihood. Embroidery is not only used for decoration but also as a means of commumication tool with the symbolism in its designs. Today, the tools in embroidery are crochet needle, needle, shuttle and hairpin designed either as a border or motif and goes by different names according to the implement used as well as the techmaue. Embroidery materials include silk cocoon, wool, candle stick bead or any leftover cloth. Embroidery as an industry is generally seen in the locos and Visayan Regions. Woodcarving has been existing long time ago, the most common products are tables, sala sets, cabinets, doors, cupboard corners, and others. These crafts were greatly simplified and applied mostly to objects in daily use such as tripods, wooden stands, writing sets, drawers, chests, spoons for decorations, rowing boats, reading desks, etc. Architectural works in woodcarving include windows, wardrobe covers, beams, ceilings, pulpits, coffins, etc. The materials used in woodworking were mostly walnut, ebony, rosewood, narra, acacia, bamboos, etc. Wooden objects were created by such various techniques such as topping, painting, relief-engraving, caging, coating, and burning. These are still employed today. Woodworking is generally common in the Cordillera region and Southern Tagalog provinces, especially Paete, Laguna and in Pangasinan. Making musical instruments is a traditional craft that existed for many long years. the materials used for making musical instruments came from trees, plants, skin, bones, and animal horn. Musical instruments are classified inte string, percussion and woodwind. Glazed earthenware tiles are used for ceramic and art purpose, Artists usually create animal designs in these tiles. As a ceramic art, it became world famous for their extraordinary creative workmanship. Glasswork is another traditional art form. Stained glass was developed many years ago. Church windows are made of stained glass in different models and Decorative Arts Decorative arts are a range of artistic disciplines concerned with design ang ormamentation of items. These items are usually functional and do not necessarily have any intrinsic aesthetic qualities.

Decorative arts which are also classified as crafts are parts of the larger category of applied art. Decorative arts include the creation of baskets, cabinets, ceramic files, furniture, and accessory furnishings, rugs, carpets, tapestry, embroidery, book illustration, floral decorations, ceramic pottery (earthenware, stoneware, porcelain) goldsmithing work, silverware and jewelry art. It also embraces theatrical sets, costumes, mosaic art, stained glass work, precious armor, and weaponry and masterpieces. Decorative Symbols Lines, colors, rectangles, and other decorative symbols have no meaning in themselves if they are not part of the elements of visual arts. Classification of Decorative Motifs A motif as previously defined, is an element of a particular subject or type of subject that is found in any art work. It may also form the main subject of an art work. The related motif of confronted animals is often seen alone, but may also be repeated, for example in Byzantine silk and other ancient textiles. Where the main subject of an artistic work such as a painting is a specific person, group, or moment in a narrative, that should be referred to as the “subject” of the work, not a motif, though the same thing may be a "motif" when part of another subject, or part of a work of decorative art such as a painting on a vase. Ornamental or decorative arts can usually be analysed into a number of various elements, which can be called motifs. These may often, as in textile art, be repeated many times in a pattern. Important examples in Western art include acanthus, egg and dart, and various types of scrollwork. Many designs in Islamic culture are motifs, including those of the sun, moon, animals such as horses and lions, flowers, and landscapes. Motifs can have emotional effects and be used for propaganda. In kilim flatwoven carpets, motifs such as the hands-on-hips elibelinde are woven in to the design to express the hopes and concerns of the weavers: the elibelinde symbolises the female principle and fertility, including the desire for children. The idea of a motif is widely used in discussing literature and other narrative as an element in the story that represent a theme. | Textile Art

These are both arts and crafts that use plant, animal, or synthetic fibers to create practical or decorative objects. Textiles have been a fundamental necessity of human life since the start of civilization. Methods and materials used to make them have expanded enormously. Textile art started as a traditional craft. Textiles have been used to cover the human body and protect it from the elements of the atmosphere; to send social cues to other people, to store, secure, and protect possessions and to soften insulate and decorate living spaces and other surfaces. Clothing made of woven cloth, richly embroidered silk, well-knitted stockings, oriental rug of wool, embroidered table cloth and curtains, felted fur hat, linen shirl are some of the basic textile techniques in textile art in the Philippines. Traditional Local Myths The existence of the soul, the significance and interpretation of dreams and imagination have their religious, philosophical, and mythological essence and value among the local folks. These have impacts on one’s personality as well as to society. Those who believe in the existence of the soul are mostly theists while the non-believers are atheist. Socrates, Pluto and Aristotle understood that the soul (psyche) mostly have a logical faculty. Dreams according to Freud are unconscious wish which needs fulfillment. They lie beyond the subconscious mind. The impact of dreams on waking social interactions is profound for dreams have significant role to play in shaping interactions between people. Among the barrio folks, dreams are symbols that imply meaning and they are used to signify the game number that will come out for the day. Daydreams can affect further daytime mood and behavior. Imagination can change perception of reality. What a person sees and hear can be reshaped by our imagination. Researchers have found that our imagination can change perception of reality. Our mind can literally play tricks on us by changing illusions of what we think and hear and see into what seems like reality....