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Saudi Arabia political system Saudi Arabia is an absolute monarchy since its creation, in 1932. The king is not constrained by a written constitution, a legislative assembly, or elections. Since 1962, Saudi kings periodically promised to establish a majlis ash shura, or consultative council, to advise them on governmental matters, but none of them undertook practical steps to establish such a body. The majlis would not have actual legislative powers but rather would serve as an advisory body that could make recommendations to the king. The International Committee for Human Rights in the Gulf and the Arabian Peninsula issued a public statement advising Saudis that the government had promised consistently for thirty years to establish a consultative council but never had fulfilled these promises. Saudis considered the Quran, the holy book of Islam, their country's constitution. The Quran is the primary source of the sharia. Because the sharia does not specifically address the conduct of most governmental matters, Saudi rulers have promulgated numerous regulations pertaining to the functions of government. In early 1992, King Fahd became the first Saudi monarch to compile these regulations into a single document called the main code ( nizam). Promulgated as a royal decree, this document codified bureaucratic procedures and prohibited government agencies from arbitrarily arresting citizens or violating their privacy in a code of law which is not a formal constitution but share some characteristics with it. The King

As one of world's last absolute monarchs, the Saudi Arabian king exercises very broad powers. He is both head of state and head of government. Ultimate authority in virtually every aspect of government rests with the king. All legislation is enacted either by royal decree or by ministerial decree, which has to be sanctioned by the king. In his capacity as prime minister, the king appoints all cabinet ministers, other senior government officials, and the governors of the provinces. In his capacity as commander in chief of the armed forces, the king appoints all military officers above the rank of lieutenant colonel. He also appoints all Saudi Arabia's ambassadors and other foreign envoys. All foreign diplomats in the country are accredited by the king. In addition, the king acts as the final court of appeal and has the power of pardon. Following the death of his brother Nayef bin Abdulaziz Al Saud. Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud was crowned as the new King of Saudi Arabia on 23 January 2015 following the death of his half-brother, King Abdullah. His major initiatives as King include the Saudi intervention in the Yemeni Civil War, Saudi Vision 2030, and a 2017 decree allowing Saudi women to drive. His son, Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman, is seen as the real power behind the throne. The Crown Prince

The next rank in the Saudi Arabia political hierarchy is the crown prince. The royal member of the royal family appointed as the heir of the crown is the Crown Prince. Currently the crown prince is the Prince Mohamad Bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, appointed Crown Prince in June 2017 following his father's decision to remove Muhammad bin Nayef from all positions, making Mohammad bin Salman heir apparent to the throne. He has led several successful reforms. His proposed Saudi 2030 vision includes economic, social and religious changes and also the most extent and brutal purge campaign the royal family had ever experienced since the creation of the Kingdom. The Council of Ministers The Council of Ministers, created in 1953 by King Abd al Aziz shortly before his death, is the principal executive organ of the government. The Council of Ministers has authority to issue ministerial decrees, but it has no power separate from the king, who approves all its decisions. The office of prime minister had been abolished by royal decree in 1964, but the king, in his capacity as president of the Council of Ministers, serves as the de facto prime minister. The crown prince is designated the first deputy prime minister, and the next prince in the line of succession is the second deputy prime minister.

The Royal Diwan The primary executive office of the king is the Royal Diwan. The king's principal advisers for domestic politics, religious affairs, and international relations have offices in the Royal Diwan. The king's private office also is in the Royal Diwan. The king conducts most routine government affairs from this office, including the drafting of regulations and royal decrees. In addition, the heads of several government departments have their offices in the diwan. These include the chief of protocol, the Office of Beduin Affairs; the Department of Religious Research, Missionary Activities, and Guidance; and, as well, the mutawwiin or Committees for the Propagation of Virtue and Prevention of Vice (popularly known as the Committees for Public Morality). The Department of Religious Research, Missionary Activities, and Guidance is headed by the most senior of the country's ulama. The Royal Family The royal family totally dominates the Saudi Arabia political system. The family has vast number of members and thus controls most of the kingdom’s important posts and to have an involvement and presence at all levels of government. The major and key ministries are always reserved for the members of the royal family. Most of them hold a position in the the Civil service and independant agencies. The nine-member Civil Service Board, responsible to the Council of Ministers, exercised formal authority over the employees of all ministries, government organizations, and autonomous agencies. It presided over the Civil Service Bureau, which implemented the decisions and directives of the Civil Service Board that pertained to grade classification, pay rates, recruitment and personnel needs, and personnel evaluation. Beginning in the early 1970s, the number of civil service employees in Saudi Arabia increased dramatically as the government expanded its social services. An estimated 400,000 persons are now government employees, depending on the Civil Service Board, including about 100,000 foreign nationals. Local government Saudi Arabia consists of f ourteen provinces, or amirates, each governed by an amir (governor) appointed by the king. The larger, more populous amirates were subdivided into districts and subdistricts. In theory, the governors were responsible to the minister of interior. In practice, however, the governors usually reported directly to the king. The Ulema and the Al ash – Sheikh Ulema is the body of Islamic religious leaders and the jurists while the Al ash – Sheikh is the Saudi Arabia’s leading religious family. The importance of the Ulema and the Al ash – Sheikh is immense and is considered the major central role of religion in the Saudi Arabia political hierarchy. Judicial The Saudi Arabian legal system is based on the sharia, or Islamic law. The sharia is applied throughout the kingdom in strict accordance with the interpretation of the Hanbali school of Sunni Islam. Because pious Muslims believed that the sharia is sacred law, they accept as judges, or qadis, only men who had spent a number of years studying the accepted sources of the sharia: the Quran and the authenticated traditions (hadith) of the Prophet Muhammad's rulings and practices. Historically, the decisions of qadis were subject to review by the ruler, whose primary role was to ensure that the Islamic community lived in conformity with the sharia. In effect, the judiciary is not an independent institution but an extension of the political authority. This traditional relationship between qadis and the king still prevail in Saudi Arabia. Sharia courts includ courts of first instance and appeals courts. Minor civil and criminal cases are adjudicated in the summary courts of first instance. One kind of summary court dealt exclusively with beduin affairs. A single qadi presided over all summary court hearings, but three qadis sat in judgment for serious crimes such as murder, major theft, or sexual misconduct. Decisions of the summary and general courts could be appealed to the sharia appeals court. The appeals court, or court of cassation, had three departments: penal suits, personal status suits, and all other types of suits. The appeals had two seats, one in Riyadh and one in Mecca. The king is at the pinnacle of the judicial system, functioning as a final court of appeal and as a source of pardon....