Architecture 4:10 Notes PDF

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These notes are for Professor Timothy Orwig's Modern Architecture course....

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Walter Gropius + Marcel Breuer’s Walter Gropius House, Lincoln, MA (1938)! " • small International house! " • early International buildings in America were private houses! Marcel Breuer! " • worked w/ Gropius at Bauhaus! " • Armchair, Model B3 (Bauhaus style)! " " • tubular steel + canvas! Breuer House, Lincoln, MA (1938), Breuer + Gropius! " • Breuer known for his interior design! " • molded wood! " • large glass panes to see house lit up at night! " " • looks like De Stijl square forms! Marcel Breuer’s House II, Canaan Connecticut! Eleanor Raymond’s Rachel Raymond House, Belmont, MA (1931)! • 1st Modernist American house " • demolished for a school! " • Raymond was a Bostonian! Eleanor Raymond’s Amelia Peabody Solar House, Dover, MA (1946)! • 1st occupied solar house in US (solar-powered) " • solar units designed by Dr. Maria Telkes! Ludwig Mies van der Rohe:! " • curtain glass, horizontal planes, structural characteristic, luxurious materials! Mies van der Rohe’s Lake Shore Drive Apartments, Chicago (1948-51)! " • no setbacks! " • rectilinear! " • pure forms! " • 2 buildings joined together by covered walkway! " • pilotis! • contradicts Mies’ saying “less is more” (Modernist expression of simplification) " " • grids forms going up! " " " • I-beams that are welded to the frame (NOT structural, just gives "" " " " building sense of verticality)! " • interior$ " " • Bauhaus furniture! " " • advanced tech (stereo)!

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Ludwig Mies van der Rohe’s Crown Hall, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago (1950)! " • philosophical approach (practical shape that we fit the functions into) • against Louis Sullivan’s form follows function! " • pure steel frame! " • glass curtain wall (steel box)$ " • floating levels (floating stairs)! " • interior: one large open space (no columns, movable walls)! " " • allows for desired configuration! " • rectilinear forms throughout campus (chapel + dorm)! Philip Johnson + Ludwig Mies van der Rohe’s Seagram Building, NY (1954-58)! " • against Brutalism! " • NO setback (because Seagram Building is on a plaza/open space)! " • pilotis! " • “corporate Modernism” (steel + glass standard) • Rationalist! " • bottom floor = transparent! " • reflecting pools in front! " • unclear footprint of building! " • interior offices! " " • continuous glass walls all around! " " • Bauhaus furniture! " " • open plan! " " • too cold in winter, too hot in summer! " " " • heating/cooling elements in front of glass walls + curtains! " " • electric typewriters (new tech)! " " • restaurant in bottom to attract public! " • I-beams on exterior to give verticality (decorative, not structural)! " • bronze on exterior of building (expensive)! Gordon Bunshaft’s Lever House for Skidmore, Owings, Merrill (1951), NY! " • prismatic skyscraper! " • lit up at night to show clear lines! " • ground floor on pilotis + large base that fills most of lot! " " • prismatic slab Lever House on large horizontal base (like UN HQ)! " • contrasts surrounding Beaux Arts building! " • open plaza to allow lots of light! Skidmore, Owings, Merrill’s Oak Ridge, TN (1942-50)! " • simple Modernist lines! " • quickly erected blocks of housing! SOM’s Union Carbide Building, NYC (1957-60)! " • steel + glass prismatic International Modernist skyscrapers! SOM’s Manufacturers Hanover Trust, NYC (1953)! " • glass jewelbox! " • different levels = different hierarchy of offices! " • at night, clear interior when lit up!

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe’s Tugendhat House! " • traditional, fine material (onyx)! " • new materials (chrome girders)! Ludwig Mies van der Rohe’s Dr. Edith Farnsworth House, Plano, IL (1946-51)! " • pure rectangular form! " • floating planes! " • regular pilotis holding up roof of building! " • less is more! • 1st important American project after leaving Bauhaus • problems:! " " • poor temp control (too much glass)! " " • flooding! " " • lack of privacy! " • transitional space (open terrace —> covered terrace —> covered box)! Philip Johnson’s Glass House, New Canaan, Connecticut (1949)! " • on private estate in center (allows privacy despite completely glass exterior)! " • brick cylinder = kitchen, fireplace, toilet! Philip Johnson’s Ash Street House, Cambridge, MA (1942)! " • 1st draft of Glass House! " • house enclosed in fenced yard! " " • half = open yard! " " • other half = rooms of house! " " " • curtain glass wall! Richard Neutra’s Edgar Kaufmann House, Palm Springs, CA (1945)! " • same family of Falling Water! " • pool, great scenery! Charles and Ray Eames House! " • De Stijl! " • industrial materials, prefabrication! " • bright colors! Philip Johnson’s New York State Theatre in Lincoln Center! " • Modernist complexes in plaza! Eliel Saarinen’s Tribune Tower Competition Entry! Eliel Saarinen = president of Cranbrook Academy (Michigan)! " • President’s House:! " " • Scandinavian Modernism! Eliel Saarninen’s Kingswood School for Girls! " • open interior staircase! Eliel Saarninen’s sci-fi tea service!

Eero Saarinen (Eliel’s son)’s GM Technical Center, Warren, MI (1949-56)! " • automobile industry commission (liked latest designs)! " • floating staircase! " • futuristic designs! " • modified drop ceiling! " • European chairs! 1957 Swept Wing Dodge! " • many possibilities in configuration that all have great fins in rear! " " • showed streamlining! Eero Saarinen’s Kresge Auditorium, MIT, Cambridge, MA (1950-55)! " • thin concrete shell w/ glass curtain wall! " " • shell only touches ground at 3 points! • Expressionist Eero Saarinen’s MIT Chapel (1950-55)! " • brick + reinforced concrete! " • pure cylinder form! " • Modernist sculpture on top! " • at bottom of building:! " " • elegant brick arches that go around side and reach free-standing points! " • interior:! " " • undulating brick wall (flowing)! " " " • floor lights! " " • Modernist sculptural where alter is (non-denominational)! • Eero Saarinen’s Knoll Associates Womb Chair (1948)! " • Knoll still makes furniture! Eero Saarinen’s TWA Terminal at JFK Airport (1956-62)! " • Expressionistic! " • Brutalist! " • reinforced concrete! " • wing forms! " • curvilinear! " • thick, functional glass panes! " • renovated with guest rooms/event spaces! " " • TWA = Trans World Airlines! " " " • bedroom toiletries = TWA branding! " • Saarinen furniture! " " • womb chair! " " • tulip table! Eero Saarinen’s Dulles Airport, Chantilly, Virginia (1958-62)! " • Expressionist! " • large wing form! " • interior:! " " • tandem sling chairs (designed by Charles + Ray Eames + Saarinen)! Eero Saarinen’s Gateway Arch, St. Louis, MO! " • steel + concrete...