ARDS RESPIRATORY DISEASE PDF

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COLLECTION QUESTIONS FOR TEST IN EXAMS RELATED TO RESPIRATORY...

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ARDS ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) NCLEX Questions 1.)You’re providing care to a patient who is being treated for aspiration pneumonia. The patient is on a 100% non-rebreather mask. Which finding below is a HALLMARK sign and symptom that the patient is developing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)? A. The patient is experiencing bradypnea. B. The patient is tired and confused. C. The patient’s PaO2 remains at 45 mmHg. D. The patient’s blood pressure is 180/96. The answer is C. A hallmark sign and symptom found in ARDS is refractory hypoxemia. This is where that although the patient is receiving a high amount of oxygen (here a 100% non-rebreather mask) the patient is STILL hypoxic. Option C is the answer because it states the patient’s arterial oxygen level is remaining at 45 mmHg (a normal is 80 mmHg but when treating patients with ARDS a goal is at least 60 mmHg). Yes, the patient can be tired and confused from a low oxygen level BUT this question wants to know the HALLMARK sign and symptom. 2. You’re teaching a class on critical care concepts to a group of new nurses. You’re discussing the topic of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). At the beginning of the lecture, you assess the new nurses understanding about this condition. Which statement by a new nurse demonstrates he understands the condition? A. “This condition develops because the exocrine glands start to work incorrectly leading to thick, copious mucous to collect in the alveoli sacs.” B. “ARDS is a pulmonary disease that gradually causes chronic obstruction of airflow from the lungs.” C. “Acute respiratory distress syndrome occurs due to the collapsing of a lung because air has accumulated in the pleural space.” D. “This condition develops because alveolar capillary membrane permeability has changed leading to fluid collecting in the alveoli sacs.” The answer is D. ARDS is a type of respiratory failure that occurs when the capillary membrane that surrounds the alveoli sac becomes damaged, which causes fluid to leak into the alveoli sac. Option A describes cystic fibrosis, option B describes COPD, and option C describes a pneumothorax.

3. During the exudative phase of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), the patient’s lung cells that produce surfactant have become damaged. As the nurse you know this will lead to? A. bronchoconstriction B. atelectasis C. upper airway blockage D. pulmonary edema The answer is B. Surfactant decreases surface tension in the lungs. Therefore, the alveoli sacs will stay stable when a person exhales (hence the sac won’t collapse). If there is a decrease in surfactant production this creates an unpredictable alveoli sac that can easily collapse, hence a condition called ATELETASIS will occur (collapse of the lung tissue) when there is a decrease production in surfactant. 4. A patient has been hospitalized in the ICU for a near drowning event. The patient’s respiratory function has been deteriorating over the last 24 hours. The physician suspects acute respiratory distress syndrome. A STAT chest xray is ordered. What finding on the chest x-ray is indicative of ARDS? A. infiltrates only on the upper lobes B. enlargement of the heart with bilateral lower lobe infiltrates C. white-out infiltrates bilaterally D. normal chest x-ray The answer is C. This is a finding found in ARDS….pronounce white-out infiltrates bilaterally. 5. You’re providing care to a patient who was just transferred to your unit for the treatment of ARDS. The patient is in the exudative phase. The patient is ordered arterial blood gases. The results are back. Which results are expected during this early phase of acute respiratory distress syndrome that correlates with this diagnosis? A. PaO2 40, pH 7.59, PaCO2 30, HCO3 23 B. PaO2 85, pH 7.42, PaCO2 37, HCO3 26 C. PaO2 50, pH 7.20, PaCO2 48, HCO3 29 D. PaO2 55, pH 7.26, PaCO2 58, HCO3 19 The answer is A. This option demonstrates respiratory alkalosis. In the early stages of ARDS (exudative) the patient will start to enter in respiratory alkalosis. The patient starts to have tachypnea (the body’s way of trying to increase the oxygen level but it can’t). They will have a very low PaO2 level (normal PaO2 is 80 mmHg), the blood pH will become high (normal is 7.35-7.45) (alkalotic). In the late stage, the patient can enter in to respiratory acidosis.

6. Which patient below is at MOST risk for developing ARDS and has the worst prognosis? A. A 52-year-old male patient with a pneumothorax. B. A 48-year-old male being treated for diabetic ketoacidosis. C. A 69-year-old female with sepsis caused by a gram-negative bacterial infection. D. A 30-year-old female with cystic fibrosis. The answer is C. Sepsis is the MOST common cause of ARDS because of systemic inflammation experienced. This is also true if the cause of the sepsis is a gram-negative bacterium (this also makes the infection harder to treat…hence poor prognosis). With sepsis, the immune cells that are present with the inflammation travel to the lungs and damage the alveolar capillary membrane leading to fluid to leak in the alveolar sacs. 7. As the nurse you know that acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can be caused by direct or indirect lung injury. Select below all the INDIRECT causes of ARDS: A. Drowning B. Aspiration C. Sepsis D. Blood transfusion E. Pneumonia F. Pancreatitis The answers are: C, D, F Indirect causes are processes that can cause inflammation OUTSIDE of the lungs….so the issue arises somewhere outside the lungs. Therefore, sepsis (infection…as long as it is outside the lungs), blood transfusion, and pancreatitis are INDIRECT causes. Drowning, aspiration, and pneumonia are issues that arise in the lungs (therefore, they are DIRECT causes of lung injury). 8. A patient is on mechanical ventilation with PEEP (positive end-expiratory pressure). Which finding below indicates the patient is developing a complication related to their therapy and requires immediate treatment? A. HCO3 26 mmHg B. Blood pressure 70/45 C. PaO2 80 mmHg D. PaCO2 38 mmHg The answer is B. Mechanical ventilation with PEEP can cause issues with intrathoracic pressure and decrease the cardiac output (watch out for a low blood pressure) along with hyperinflation of the lungs (possible

pneumothorax or subq emphysema which is air that escapes into the skin because the lungs are leaking air). 9. You are caring for a patient with acute respiratory distress syndrome. As the nurse you know that prone positioning can be beneficial for some patients with this condition. Which findings below indicate this type of positioning was beneficial for your patient with ARDS? A. Improvement in lung sounds B. Development of a V/Q mismatch C. PaO2 increased from 59 mmHg to 82 mmHg D. PEEP needs to be titrated to 15 mmHg of water The answers are A and C. Prone positioning helps improve PaO2 (82 mmHg is a good finding) without actually giving the patient high concentrations of oxygen. It helps improves perfusion and ventilation (hence correcting the V/Q mismatch). In this position, the heart is no longer laying against the posterior part of the lungs (improves air flow…hence improvement of lung sounds) and it helps move secretions from other areas that were fluid filled and couldn’t move in the supine position, hence helping improve atelectasis. 10. A patient is experiencing respiratory failure due to pulmonary edema. The physician suspects ARDS but wants to rule out a cardiac cause. A pulmonary artery wedge pressure is obtained. As the nurse you know that what measurement reading obtained indicates that this type of respiratory failure is NOT cardiac related? A. >25 mmHg B. 50 mmHg D....