Assignment-Research Publication and Ethics PDF

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Assignment-Research Publication and Ethics Define Philosophy and discuss how Philosophy influences human ethics. Philosophy affects ethical issues because a person’s ethical framework is partly built upon a person’s philosophical framework. There is a link between philosophy and ethical behavior bec...

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Assignment-Research Publication and Ethics 1. Define Philosophy and discuss how Philosophy influences human ethics. Philosophy affects ethical issues because a person’s ethical framework is partly built upon a person’s philosophical framework. There is a link between philosophy and ethical behavior because philosophers describe human behavior and how humans should behave. 2. Explain how ethical values mould human moral behavior and thoughts? This means that if you strip away the negative values and only keep the positive ones, and a group of people ratifies them, you get moral values or the values of a society. Unlike morals created by groups of people to maintain the sanctity of society, ethics take it one step further. 3. “While doing research honesty it to be practiced”. Why? As mentioned previously, honesty plays a key role in the search for knowledge and in promoting cooperation and trust among researchers. Few scientists or scholars dispute the importance of honesty and most people understand what it means to fabricate or falsify information pertaining to research.

4. What do you mean by “Falsification, Fabrication and Plagiarism (FFP)”? Falsification Falsification is the changing or omission of research results (data) to support claims, hypotheses, other data, etc. Falsification can include the manipulation of research instrumentation, materials, or processes. Manipulation of images or representations in a manner that distorts the data or “reads too much between the lines” can also be considered falsification.

Fabrication Fabrication is the construction and/or addition of data, observations, or characterizations that never occurred in the gathering of data or running of experiments. Fabrication can occur when “filling out” the rest of experiment runs, for example. Claims about results need to be made on complete data sets (as is normally assumed), where claims made based on incomplete or assumed results is a form of fabrication.

Plagiarism Plagiarism is, perhaps, the most common form of research misconduct. Researchers must be aware to cite all sources and take careful notes. Using or representing the work of others as your own work constitutes plagiarism, even if committed unintentionally. When reviewing privileged information, such as when reviewing grants or journal

article manuscripts for peer review, researchers must recognize that what they are reading cannot be used for their own purposes because it cannot be cited until the work is published or publicly available.

5. Give the meaning and consequences of duplicate and overlapping publications? Duplicate publication Duplicate (or redundant) publication is the publication of a paper that is substantially similar to a published paper by the same author, without acknowledging the source and without obtaining the permission of the original copyright holder.7,11,12 There may be superfluous differences between the original and the second paper, such as a new title or a modified abstract, but the data set and findings stay the same.13 Overlapping publication refers to the practice of publishing a paper overlaps substantially with one already published 6. How do the mis-representation of data effect the results and conclusion of research? The concept of ‘misrepresentation,’ unlike ‘fabrication’ and ‘falsification,’ is neither clear nor uncontroversial. Most scientists will agree that fabrication is making up data and falsification is changing data. But what does it mean to misrepresent data? As a minimal answer to this question, one can define ‘misrepresentation of data’ as

‘communicating honestly reported data in a deceptive manner.’ But what is deceptive communication? The use of statistics presents researchers with numerous opportunities to misrepresent data. For example, one might use a statistical technique, such as multiple regression or the analysis of variance, to make one's results appear more significant or convincing than they really are. Or one might eliminate (or trim) outliers when ‘cleaning up’ raw data. Other ways of misrepresenting data include drawing unwarranted inference from data, creating deceptive graphs of figures, and using suggestive language for rhetorical effect. However, since researchers often disagree about the proper use of statistical techniques and other means of representing data, the line between misrepresentation of data and ‘disagreement about research methods’ is often blurry. Since ‘misrepresentation’ is difficult to define, many organizations have refused to characterize misrepresenting data as a form of scientific misconduct. On the other hand, it is important to call attention to the problem of misrepresenting data, if one is concerned about promoting objectivity in research, since many of science's errors and biases result from the misrepresentation of data. 7. Why is research Paper Publication necessary during research period? It is through publication that the research, including its scientific and practical contributions, is disseminated to others in a particular field. This makes scientific researchers and

practitioners with similar interests aware of new knowledge in their field and it helps to advance knowledge and its application.

Enhancement of Teaching Practices: Teaching methodologies will certainly develop if the teachers tend to do more research and analysis over the topic. This is referred to as research-oriented teaching, where the educators are engaged in acquiring knowledge and information outside the textbook, to get modern and innovative information over a subject for the students. Students Tend to Learn Effectively: Students tend to learn more proficiently when they learn through research activities. Research-based learning supports the genuine interest of a student while learning about a particular topic. Guided by seniors and professors, students get clarity of concept about a particular subject. Encouragement of Research-Based Practice and Knowledge Production: Promoting motivation and encouragement among the students to advance further regarding the topic and publish their own journals, implementation of research activities in studies can be of high significance. The educational institutes must understand the significance of research and design their curriculum accordingly by assigning some professors to work solely for research and journal publications. A Chance of Getting Admission into Top Colleges: Most of the universities will offer admission to the students if their research paper gets published in reputed scientific journals. The students, who have proficient research papers available in

their names, possess a maximum chance to get a scholarship to study in the top universities of the world. Apart from that, students can also apply to different courses and scholarships worldwide seeking admission based on their research works. Helps in Building a Professional Career: Considered as one of the requirements for Master’s and Doctorate students, journal paper adds the glory in the professional careers of the students. With more acquired knowledge through research methodologies, a person can share knowledge with the world by teaching or assisting fellow students in research activities and journal publications. 8. Throw light upon the problems that make a researcher lean towards unethical behavior? Duplicate publication It is unethical for a researcher to submit a research paper or publication that has two or more seminal journals which could be with or without acknowledgment of these other journals. This practice is known as duplicate submission or duplicate publication. Some authors practice duplication of publication so as to increase their numbers of submissions; however, it is unethical and it also amounts to the wasting of time of the publication resources and the journal reviewers why it also serves no benefits today to the scientific community and humanity at large. You can only submit your research paper to just one journal.

Research data falsification the falsification or fabrication of research data occurs when a researcher tries to manipulate the procedures used in conducting research or the important findings just to have the researcher's desired result. Recording non-existent data or falsifying a data recording is known as research fabrication. Research data fabrication is common in the pharmaceutical industry. They do this fabrication 2 market a specific drug today to the general public without considering the drug's side effects. This act is unethical and it is also a wastage of the limited resources available for research. This can result in revoking the physician's clinical license, the prosecution of the physician, and also create huge mistrust in the mind of the public. Plagiarism Plagiarism is a huge offense in the research community. It is the practice of taking another person's research or work or even idea and inculcating it in your own writing without giving them the dual credit. In some cases, just for recognition, the researcher can even use another person's research as their own publication journal. In other cases, the researcher may change the letters of someone else's publication to their own words without referencing the original author. This is known as self-plagiarism.

With technology, there are more tools to detect plagiarism. This means it is now very easy for journal editors to detect plagiarism. Plagiarism may not be intentional sometimes, it may just happen accidentally. However, you can avoid it by referencing all the sources you used in writing your own scientific journal. Ensure that all the authors whose work you have used are properly cited in your paper, regardless of if they're from previous publications. Authorship Conflict ICMJE (The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors) guidelines provided that anyone who has contributed to the conception, the designing of research data, contributed to the data analysis, helped to draft or revise the journal and seek approval before the journal is published has an authorship claim to the journal. Now an authorship conflict can arise if the name of a person who has contributed to the journal in any form is not included in the publication. If one of the persons whose name was cited in the journal does not give consent or agree to its publication. That is an authorship conflict and it is unethical. If the name of one additional author is cited while the name of an already cited author is removed, whether before publication or after publication, it is an authorship conflict.

Another cause of authorship conflict is citing a person's name based on "senior in practice" or family affiliation when the said person has contributed nothing to the research and the documentation of the research findings. Authorship conflict can be avoided before conducting the research by selecting the authors in the beginning and also by the journals asking the authors to submit a checklist that contains the criteria for authorship. Conflict of interest Conflict of interest arises in research when the author or the researcher gets influenced by financial reasons or personal issues that ultimately affect the quality of the outcome of the study. When these conflicts of interest arise, which could be personal conditions and financial consideration or other types of conflicts, the researcher should truthfully disclose the current situation to the editorial team, and do so completely without leaving out a detail. Research ethical guidelines are designed to guide researchers in research conduct and publications. This is why all researchers should develop habits of selfconsciousness, self-restraint, and self of responsibility. This will enable them to take importance to the welfare of the members of the research community, the public, and their own reputation. Bearing all this in mind what wood prevents them from partaking in any misconduct in their research and publication.

9. Give the meaning of Authorship and Contributor ship in research work ethics? Authorship on articles has important academic, social, and financial implications. This means that people should get credit where credit is due. However, this should also mean that people who do not deserve credit should not get a ‘free ride.’ We all know those people who did absolutely nothing to advance your research but who will demand authorship on a paper regardless. And since these are almost invariable people above you in rank, you may want to be ready for the situation. You can start by checking various authorship guidelines. Large numbers of journals use the The American Psychological Association (APA) guidelines or those of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE), so you may want to check these out first.

Contributing to research can broadly be classified into the following categories:  Intellectual (ideas, writing)  Practical (conducting research, data analysis)  Financial (funds, experimental material)

Any researcher, who does not meet all four ICMJE criteria for authorship discussed above should be listed as a contributor. A technician or student who has only prepared some stock solutions for chemical or biological reactions, for example, should not be listed as an author. Instead, their contributions should be listed in the ‘Acknowledgements’ section of the article. According to ICMJE, those who do not qualify to be authors but made a contribution to the study should be acknowledged. 10. Write a note on predatory publishers and journals. Predatory publishing, also write-only publishing[1] [2] or deceptive publishing,[3] is an exploitative academic publishing business model that involves charging publication fees to authors without checking articles for quality and legitimacy, and without providing editorial and publishing services that legitimate academic journals provide, whether open access or not. Predatory journals—also called fraudulent, deceptive, or pseudo-journals—are publications that claim to be legitimate scholarly journals, but misrepresent their publishing practices. Some common forms of predatory publishing practices include falsely claiming to provide peer review, hiding information about Article Processing Charges (APCs), misrepresenting members of the journal’s editorial board, and other violations of copyright or

scholarly ethics. Because of their increasing prevalence, this article aims to provide helpful information for authors on how to identify and avoid predatory journals. 11. Comment upon the methods of complaints and appeals against publication misconduct. Generally, the editorial decisions are not reverted. However, authors who think that their manuscript was rejected due to a misunderstanding or mistake may seek an explanation for the decision. Appeals must give sound reasoning and compelling evidence against the criticism raised in the rejection letter. A difference of opinion as to the interest, novelty, or suitability of the manuscript for the journal will not be considered as an appeal. The EIC and other relevant editors will consider the appeal and the decision thereafter taken by the journal will be deemed final. Acceptance of the manuscript is not guaranteed even if the journal agrees to reconsider the manuscript, and the reconsideration process may involve previous or new reviewers or editors and substantive revision. 12. What do you understand by Conflicts of Interest? A conflict of interest is a condition in which a person gas competing for loyalties or interests. It includes an individual who has two relationships which are against each other when it comes to the loyalty of the person. 13.

Discuss ethics in research.

Frame a proper plan : The first and foremost point of realizing the Importance of Ethics in Research, it is quite... Safeguard the information gathered : Next comes in the line of understanding the Importance of Ethics in Research is... Take care of the people involved in the research : One of the major ethics and responsibilities of research is that... Keep it confidential : Keep the data and all the information gathered highly confidential is yet another... 14. Open access publications — Advantages and disadvantages Advantages of publishing in an open access journal There are many benefits to publishing your scientific article in an open access journal. One of the most universally appreciated features of open access publishing is the increased visibility: as there is no barrier to accessing articles, more readers are able to find and read them. Indeed, one study found that, one year after publication, open access articles had been downloaded significantly more often than non–open access articles, and had been viewed by significantly more individual readers. The Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition Europe (SPARC) has also noted several studies suggesting that open access publications receive a greater number of citations than do non–open access articles. Ultimately, making your work freely available to all readers means that it has the potential to be communicated to a much

wider audience than is typically reached by traditional journals. This is especially important in ensuring a more equal distribution of research results, which otherwise may not have been available to researchers in economically disadvantaged regions, and ties in closely to the theme of Open Access Week 2020: Open with Purpose: Taking Action to Build Structural Equity and Inclusion. [The discussions surrounding open access publishing this week are intended to specifically address the ‘structural racism, discrimination, and exclusion’ that are present in scientific research and publishing and to explore how open access can help make these fields more equitable.] Another advantage of open access publishing is that the time to publication tends to be shorter than at traditional journals, as papers are published on a rolling basis (as is the case for most online-only journals). This means that articles are published one-by-one as they are accepted, instead of waiting to publish a collection of papers together in a single print issue. This provides a clear benefit to authors, for whom efficient and rapid publication often has important career implications. In addition, rapid publication benefits the research community as a whole, as it accelerates the speed at which new research results are disseminated, and thus the overall pace of scientific research. One key, and sometimes underappreciated, advantage of publishing in an open access journal is the ability to retain the copyright to your own work. Typically, if your paper is published in a traditional journal, the journal owns the copyright to the final work. This means that if you want to reuse and adapt one of your figures for use in another paper, for example, you would need to request permission to do so from

the journal, and potentially pay a fee for the privilege. In contrast, in open access publishing the authors own the copyright of the published paper, and are therefore freely able to reuse the content (in accordance with ethical publishing standards) without any additional permissions. Disadvantages of publishing in an open access journal Despite the many advantages of publishing in open access journals, there are some potential drawbacks to keep in mind when considering where to publish your next paper. One of most prevalent concerns about open access publishing is simply its reputation, as this is still considered a relatively new form of scientific publishing. Some researchers fear that the quality of open access journals is lower than that of traditional journals. Overall, however, this perception appears to be connected with the prestige of specific journals; and as print journals have been around for a longer time, it is not surprising that some of the most well-respected journals are not fully open access. Given the increasing popularity of open access publishing, many prestigious print journals are finding ways to adapt to this new form of publishing. For example, while Nature still publishes under a traditional model, a variety of other journals ...