Atmosphere weather and climate, Barry &Chorley PDF

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Atmosphere, weather and climate notes. (Barry,Chorley) 20:28

Weather and climate, Solar radiation Due to the eccentricity of the orbit of the earth around the sun, when the earth is closest (perihelion) it gets 7% more energy than at the aphelion in early July. This gives a temperature of difference of 4'C. So southern hemisphere summers are warmer and northern hemisphere winters are warmer. This is masked by atmospheric circulation. 

Earth's rotational deflective force The Coriolis force is caused by the axial rotation of the earth, it moves masses in a curved path along the surface, and is stronger nearer the poles & acts in the direction of higher pressure. This causes a change in the direction of winds as effects the resultant force on masses moving in the atmosphere. 

-El Nino Southern oscillation ENSO events. These are episodes of warm coastal currents. Occurs every 4 to 7 years, last 2 to 10 years, and have a large impact on coastal and marine environments. It is caused by the large accumulation of heat in the south pacific. Climate change 

External forcing Solar variability; eccentricity, obliquity, precession ( movement of the poles on the earth) = milankovitch cycles - tectonic processes.( new topographical features) . - Astronomical processes ( precession changes timing of periheleon). - Volcanic eruptions. ( increased albedo from aerosols but increased GHG levels). - Atmospheric composition. ( variant because of natural and anthropogenic forces)....