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BACK Ligaments  Anterior longitudinal ligament o Single broad flat strong o Attaches anterior surface of bodies and intervertebral discs  Posterior longitudinal ligament o Single narrow band-like o Anterior wall of vertebral canal o Posterior wall of vertebral bodies  Ligamentum flavum o Elastic/yellow ligaments o Attach to laminae of opposing vertebrae o Part of posterior wall of vertebral canal  Ligamentum nuchae o Elastic/yellow ligament o Spinous process of cervical vertebrate & external occipital protuberance o Broad sheet, posteriorly, midline  Ligamentum denticulatum o 2 in number; elongated band; extends laterally from the surface of pia to arachnoid & dura (extension of pia)

Note: Anterior median fissure is bigger than posterior median fissure

Muscles  Superficial o Trapezius (deep to trapezius:)  Rhomboid major & minor  Levator scapulae o Latissimus dorsi -> attached to thoracolumbar ligament  Intermediate o Serratus posterior superior/inferior  Deep (superficial to deep) o Erector spinae  Iliocostalis  Longissimus  Spinalus o Transversospinalis  Semispinalus  Multifidus  Rotares

CONTENTS OF VERTEBRAL CANAL Spinal Cord & Cauda Equina  Medulla oblongata o Terminates at foramen magnum, continuous with spinal cord  Conus medullaris o Conical-shaped end of the spinal cord at L1/2  Cauda equina o Collection of nerve rootlets in vertebral canal o Inferior to spinal cord, extends from conus medullaris inferiorly to S2 (adult) Medulla  Medullaris  Equina  Spinal roots o Medial parts of posterior roots of spinal nerves anterior roots of spinal nerves in vertebral canal  Blood supply of spinal cord o Anterior spinal artery  Single, origin in cranial cavity; union of two vessels that arise from the vertebral arteries  Along anterior median fissure of spinal cord o Posterior spinal artery  2; origin in cranial cavity from a terminal branch of vertebral arteries

Meninges of Spinal Cord  Pia mater o Attaches to spinal cord & spinal nerve roots o Extends into each intervertebral foramen  Filum terminale o Thin central fibrous strand of pia mater o Extends from conus medullaris of spinal cord, attaching to the coccyx  Caudal sac o Inferior end of subarachnoid space; wall formed by arachnoid and dura mater

o Contains cauda equina, filum terminale & CSF o Often terminates at S2  Lumbar cistern o Expanded region of subarachnoid space that surrounds the cauda equina & filum terminale at most inferior part of caudal sac o Does not contain spinal cord but is filled with spinal nerves (aka cauda equina)  Dural/thecal sac o Membranous sac of dura mater that encases the spinal cord within the vertebral column, CSF o Surrounds both spinal cord & cauda equina

Other  Epidural space o Space between dura mater and vertebral bodies o Contains fat, internal vertebral venous plexus, posterior longitudinal ligament  Dura mater o Projects into each intervertebral foramen and forms a dural sheath around posterior root & dorsal/spinal root ganglion, & anterior root  Subdural space o Potential space between dura & arachnoid mater  Arachnoid mater o Attaches to dura mater; also enters each intervertebral foramen  Subarachnoid space o Wide interval between arachnoid & pia mater o Contains cerebrospinal fluid & spinal blood vessels  Periradicular recess o Very narrow portion of subarachnoid space around spinal cord (dorsal root ganglion) & spinal nerve roots  Spinal blood vessels o Anterior spinal artery x1 o Anterior spinal vein x1 o Posterior spinal artery x2 o Posterior spinal artery x1  Pia mater o Relatively thin o Attaches to spinal cord & nerve roots Contents of Intervertebral Foramen  Posterior root of spinal nerve o Contains dorsal root ganglion o Some rootlets arise from this root and course to spinal cord o Covered by pia mater  Dorsal root/spinal ganglion o Within posterior root; contains neuronal cell bodies of sensory neurones  Anterior root of spinal nerve

Some rootlets that course from spinal cord unite to form anterior root o Covered by pia mater; no ganglion  Body of spinal nerve o Relatively short; located partly within intervertebral foramen and partly external  Rami of spinal nerve: anterior & posterior rami located external to intervertebral foramen o Posterior ramus  Smallest branch of the body of spinal nerve  Innervates posterior back muscles o Anterior ramus  Largest branch of the body of spinal nerve  Innervates trunk & limbs o...