Basic Safety Procedures IN HIGH RISK Activities AND Industries PDF

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NAME: xxx   BASIC SAFETY PROCEDURES IN HIGH RISK ACTIVITIES AND INDUSTRIES   Course: xxx PROCEDURE IN HAZARD ANALYSIS IN THE WORKPLACE  The hazard analysis process is a systematic, comprehensive method to identify, evaluate, and control hazards in a system.  The purpose of the hazard analysis ...

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NAME: xxx Course: xxx

BASIC SAFETY PROCEDURES IN HIGH RISK ACTIVITIES AND INDUSTRIES PROCEDURE IN HAZARD ANALYSIS IN THE WORKPLACE  The hazard analysis process is a systematic, comprehensive method to identify, evaluate, and control hazards in a system. 

The purpose of the hazard analysis is to identify hazards to the system, evaluate the hazards by determining their impact severity and the probability of occurrence; rank those risks in a prioritized order, and then implement controls to those hazard risks.

STEP 1: Define the system  Define analysis criteria  Define physical and functional characteristics  Define facilities, technologies, and equipment  Understand and evaluate people, processes and procedures STEP 2: Identify the hazards  Identify hazards and undesired events  Determine root causes of hazards STEP 3: Evaluate the hazards  Determine hazard severity  Determine hazard probability  Determine hazard risk  Rank risk based on priority STEP 4: Resolve the hazards

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Assume the hazard risk Implement corrective action o Eliminate hazard o Control hazard Validate control is adequate Verify if control is in place

STEP 5: Follow-up the activities  Monitor for effectiveness  Monitor for unexpected hazards Periodically reassess the system and repeat the process for changes in the system. EXAMPLE: A car in a traffic system  System: The car in traffic (with all the other cars, traffic lights, weather, maintenance schedule, etc.)  Subsystems (some): Car electrical system, climate control subsystem, audio system, car warning and instrumentation subsystems, steering subsystem, engine cooling subsystem, drive train, emission control subsystem, driver (physiological, psychological factors), safety systems (e.g., air bags, seat belts, antilock brakes, hazard signals, and electrical circuit protection)  Components in a tire subsystem: Tires, spare tire and accessories, brakes, tire treads, tire maintenance schedule, and tire operating parameters (i.e., tire pressure, driving style, driving terrain, tire rotation, and alignment)  Some interfaces: Tires on the road, air bags to passengers, car chassis to electrical system  Some other systems: Traffic lights, traffic flow pattern, accidents on other side of the highway, feeder roads, etc.

RADIATION HAZARD The widow of a construction worker who helped build the British Nuclear Fuels (BNF) Sellafield plant was awarded $286,500 when it was determined that her husband’s death from chronic myeloid leukemia was the result of overexposure to radiation. Sellafield was constructed for the purpose of separating uranium from used fuel rods. Working at the plant for approximately nine months, the victim received a total cumulative dose of almost 52 millisieverts of radiation, which exceeded the established limit for an entire 12- month period. BNF compensated the victim’s wife and the families of 20 additional workers who died from causes related to radiation. RADIATION HAZARDS: 1. Ionizing radiation 2. Nonionizing radiation IONIZING RADIATION : radiation that becomes electrically charged or changed into ions. TYPES OF IONIZING RADIATION a. High-speed protons b. High-speed electrons c. Gamma radiation d. X-radiation e. Neutrons f. Beta particles g. Alpha particles BASIC TERMS AND CONCEPTS a. Radiation consists of energetic nuclear particles and includes alpha rays, beta rays, gamma rays, X-rays, neutrons, high-speed electrons, and highspeed protons.

b. A restricted area is any area to which access is restricted in an attempt to protect employees from exposure to radiation or radioactive materials. c. An unrestricted area is any area to which access is not controlled because there is no radioactivity hazard present. d. A dose is the amount of ionizing radiation absorbed per unit of mass by part of the body or the whole body. e. Rad is a measure of the dose of ionizing radiation absorbed by body tissues stated in terms of the amount of energy absorbed per unit of mass of tissue. One rad equals the absorption of 100 ergs per gram of tissue. f. Rem is a measure of the dose of ionizing radiation to body tissue stated in terms of its estimated biological effect relative to a dose of 1 roentgen (r) of X-rays. g. Air dose means that an instrument measures the air at or near the surface of the body where the highest dosage occurs to determine the level of the dose. h. Personal monitoring devices are devices worn or carried by an individual to measure radiation doses received. Widely used devices include film badges, pocket chambers, pocket dosimeters, and film rings. i. A radiation area is any accessible area in which radiation hazards exist that could deliver doses as follows: (1) within one hour, a major portion of the body could receive more than 5 millirems or (2) within five consecutive days, a major portion of the body could receive more than 100 millirems. j. A high-radiation area is any accessible area, in which radiation hazards exist, that could deliver a dose in excess of 100 millirems within one hour.

SOME INSTRUMENTS USED IN DETECTING RADIATION 1. Probe - to detect Alpha Radiation

2. Geiger-Mueller (GM) tube (also called a Geiger counter)

3. Personal dosimeter - a small radiation monitoring device worn by persons entering environments that may contain radiation.

Caption: Label should be facing the radiation source.

4. Finger ring film badge

EXPOSURE OF EMPLOYEES TO RADIATION Body/Body Region Rems per Calendar Quarter Whole body 1.25 Head and trunk 1.25 Blood-forming organs 1.25 Lens of eyes 1.25 Gonads 1.25 Hands and forearms 18.75 Feet and ankles 18.75 Skin of whole body 7.50 Figure 21-2. Ionizing radiation exposure limits of humans PRECAUTIONS AND PERSONAL MONITORING (OSHA) • Employers must conduct comprehensive surveys to identify and evaluate radiation hazards present in the workplace from any and all sources. • Employers must provide appropriate personal monitoring devices such as film badges, pocket chambers, pocket dosimeters, and film rings. • Employers must require the use of appropriate personal monitoring devices by the following: o any employee who enters a restricted area where he or she is likely to receive a dose greater than 25 percent of the total limit of exposure specified for a calendar quarter; o any employee 18 years of age or less who enters a restricted area where he or she is likely to receive a dose greater than 5

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percent of the total limit of exposure specified for a calendar quarter; and o any employee who enters a high radiation area. Distance is the best. Since the amount of radiation from the source drops off quickly as a factor of the inverse square of the distance. At 8ft. away the exposure is 1/64th of the radiation emanating from the source. Wearing a lead suit can be used to protect workers from gamma rays (similar to xrays) Aluminum foil will stop the penetration of beta particles.

CAUTION SIGNS AND LABELS • Both OSHA and the NRC require caution signs in radiation areas, high radiation areas, airborne radiation areas, areas containing radioactive materials, and containers in which radioactive materials are stored or transported. • On containers, labels should also include the: (1) quantity of radioactive material (2) kinds of radioactive materials, and (3) date on which the contents were measured. EVACUATION WARNING SIGNAL Companies that produce, use, store, or transport radioactive materials are required to have a signalgenerating system that can warn of the need for evacuation. INSTRUCTING AND INFORMING PERSONNEL • All employees must be informed of existing radiation hazards and where they exist; the extent

of the hazards; and how to protect themselves from the hazards (precautions and personal protective equipment). • All employees must be advised of any reports of radiation exposure requested by other employees. • All employees must have ready access any related company operating procedures. NONIONIZING RADIATION : encompasses visible, microwave, radio, and AC power frequencies. : Such radiation can cause blisters and blindness. : In addition, there is mounting evidence of a link between nonionizing radiation and cancer.

ultraviolet,

infrared,

1. Visible radiation comes from light sources that create distortion. • This can be a hazard to employees whose jobs require color perception. 2. The most common source of ultraviolet radiation is the sun. • Potential problems from ultraviolet radiation include sunburn, skin cancer, and cataracts. Precautionary measures include special sunglasses treated to block out ultraviolet rays and protective clothing. • Other sources of ultraviolet radiation include lasers, welding arcs, and ultraviolet lamps

3. Infrared radiation creates heat. Consequently, the problems associated with this kind of nonionizing radiation involve heat stress and dry skin and eyes. • Primary sources of infrared radiation are hightemperature processes such as the production of glass and steel. 4. Radio frequency (RF) and microwave (MW) radiation are electromagnetic radiation in the frequency range of 3 kilohertz (kHz) to 300 gigahertz (GHz). • Microwave frequencies produce a skin effect—you can literally sense your skin starting to feel warm. RF radiation may penetrate the body and be absorbed in deep body organs without the skin effect that can warn an individual of danger. • Use of RF and MW radiation includes aeronautical radios, citizen’s (CB) radios, cellular phones, processing and cooking of foods, heat sealers, vinyl welders high-frequency welders, induction heaters, flow solder machines, communications transmitters, radar transmitters, ion implant equipment, microwave drying equipment, sputtering equipment, glue curing, and power amplifiers used in metrology (calibration). 5. Extremely low frequency (ELF) radiation includes alternating current (AC) fields and nonionizing radiation from 1 Hz to 300 Hz. • Electric and magnetic fields (EMFs) at 60 Hz are produced by power lines, electrical wiring, and electrical equipment. 6. Lasers are being used increasingly in modern industry. The hazards of lasers consist of a thermal threat to the eyes and a threat of electrocution from power sources. In addition, the smoke created by lasers in some processes can be toxic. 7. Video display terminals (VDTs) are widely used in the modern workplace.

CONFINED SPACES This is usually associated with people who have to work inside tank bodies, in underground workings or cellars in pubs and licensed premises, but could also include loft or other cavity areas in construction. • Limited access, movement and breathing facilities. • Sitting or lying in cramped areas with little room to manouvre themselves or equipment. • Using welding or blow-torch equipment inside vehicles, vessels or other containers. OSHA CONFINED SPACE STANDARD 1. Shut down equipment/power. 2. Test the atmosphere. Test for the presence of airborne contaminants and to determine the oxygen level in the confined space • Fresh, normal air contains 20.8 percent oxygen. • OSHA specifies the minimum and maximum safe levels of oxygen as 19.5 and 23.5 percent, respectively. 3. Ventilate the space. 4. Have rescue personnel stand by. 5. Maintain communication 6. Use a lifeline. A lifeline attached to a full-body harness and a block and tackle will ensure that the employee who is inside can be pulled out should he or she lose consciousness. BASIC ELECTRICAL SAFETY a. Death from electric shock if in contact with the electrical supply. b. Falls from heights after receiving a shock. c. Burns – internal and external damage. d. Unconsciousness, heart attack. SOURCES OF ELECTRICAL HAZARDS

• Contact with a bare wire carrying current. The bare wire may have deteriorated insulation or be normally bare. • Working with electrical equipment that lacks the UL label for safety inspection. • Electrical equipment that has not been properly grounded. Failure of the equipment can lead to short circuits. • Working with electrical equipment on damp floors or other sources of wetness. • Static electricity discharge. • Using metal ladders to work on electrical equipment. These ladders can provide a direct line from the power source to the ground, again causing a shock. • Working on electrical equipment without ensuring that the power has been shut off. • Lightning strikes.

Figure 18-3 Electrical shock hazards

LIGHTNING HAZARD CONTROL • Place lightning rods so that the upper end is higher than nearby structures.

• Avoid standing in high places or near tall objects. Be aware that trees in an open field may be the tallest object nearby. • Do not work with flammable liquids or gases during electrical storms • Ensure proper grounding of all electrical equipment. • If inside an automobile, remain inside the automobile. • If in a small boat, lie down in the bottom of the boat. • If in a metal building, stay in the building and do not touch the walls of the building. • Wear rubber clothing if outdoors. • Do not work touching or near conducting materials, especially those in contact with the earth such as fences. • Avoid using the telephone during an electrical storm. • Do not use electrical equipment during the storm. • Avoid standing a near open doors or windows where lightning may enter the building directly. • Ensure that power has been disconnected from the system before working with it. Test the system for de-energization. Capacitors can store current after power has been shut off. • Allow only fully authorized and trained people to work on electrical systems. • Do not wear conductive materials such as metal jewelry when working with electricity. • Screw bulbs securely into their sockets. Ensure that bulbs are matched to the circuit by the correct voltage rating. • Periodically inspect insulation. • If working on a hot circuit, use the buddy system and wear protective clothing. • Do not use a fuse with a greater capacity than was prescribed for the circuit.

• Verify circuit voltages before performing work. • Do not use water to put out an electrical fire. • Check the entire length of electrical cord before using it. • Use only explosion-proof devices and nonsparking switches in flammable liquid storage areas. • Enclose insulated conductors in protective areas. • Discharge capacitors before working on an equipment. • Use fuses and circuit breakers for protection against excessive current. • Provide lightning protection on all structures. • Train people working with electrical equipment on a routine basis in first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) FALL PROTECTION, BARRICADES, SCAFFOLDS I. CAUSES OF FALLS • A foreign object on the walking surface • A design flaw in the walking surface • Slippery surfaces • An individual’s impaired physical condition (e.g., aging workers) II. KINDS OF FALLS • TRIP AND FALL accidents occur when workers encounter an unseen foreign object in their path. When the employee’s foot strikes the object, he or she trips and falls. • STUMP AND FALL accidents occur when a worker’s foot suddenly meets a sticky surface or a defect in the walking surface. Expecting to continue at the established pace, the worker falls when his or her foot is unable to respond properly. • STEP AND FALL accidents occur when a person’s foot encounters an unexpected step down (for example, a hole in the floor or a floorboard that gives way). This can also happen when an employee thinks he or she has reached the

bottom of the stairs when, in reality, there is one more step. • SLIP AND FALL accidents occur when the worker’s center of gravity is suddenly thrown out of balance (for example, an oily spot causes a foot to shoot out from under the worker). This is the most common type of fall. GENERAL STRATEGIES FOR PREVENTING SLIPS 1. Choose the right material from the outset. • Selection of surface materials that have the highest possible coefficient of friction. • Consider the following: (1) ice has a coefficient of friction of 0.10; (2) concrete has a coefficient of 0.43; (3) linoleum has a coefficient of 0.33; and (4) waxed white oak has a coefficient of 0.24.

Figure 15-2 Coefficients of friction and relative traction ratings. 2. Retrofit an existing surface. If it is too disruptive or too expensive to replace a slippery surface completely, retrofit it with friction enhancement devices or materials (e.g., carpet, abrasive coatings, and textured coverings. 3. Practice good housekeeping. 4. Require nonskid footwear. 5. Inspect surfaces frequently.

OSHA’s FALL PROTECTION STANDARD FOR CONSTRUCTION • OSHA’s current Fall Protection Standard sets the trigger height at 6 feet. • This means that any construction employee working higher than 6 feet off the ground must use a fall protection device such as a safety harness and line LADDER SAFETY Do’s and Don’ts of Ladder Use • Check for slipperiness on shoes and ladder rungs. • Secure the ladder firmly at the top and bottom. • Set the ladder’s base on a firm, level surface. • Face the ladder when climbing up or down. • Barricade the base of the ladder when working near an entrance. • Don’t lean a ladder against a fragile, slippery, or unstable surface. • Don’t lean too far to either side while working (stop and move the ladder). • Don’t rig a makeshift ladder; use the real thing. • Don’t allow more than one person at a time on a ladder. • Don’t separate the individual sections of extension ladders and use them individually. • Don’t carry tools in your hands while climbing a ladder. • Don’t place a ladder on a box, table, or bench to make it reach higher. BARRICADES AND SCAFFOLDS PROVISION FOR BARRICADES The top of the walls of an excavation more than 2.0 m. (6 ft.) deep shall be barricated to a height of at least I m. (3 ft.) to prevent the fall of workers.

1. Every scaffold shall be of good construction of sound materials and strength for the purpose for which it is intended. 2. Timber used for scaffolds shall be in good condition, the bark completely stripped off, and not painted or treated in any manner that defects cannot be easily seen. 3. All materials and parts of scaffold not in use or intended for re-use shall be kept under good condition and separate from other materials unsuitable for scaffolds. 4. Timber/bamboo scaffoldings shall be limited to a height of 20 meters from the ground or base provided that, over a height of 10 meters, the scaffolding and all other installations constructed over the scaffolding shall be designed by a structural engineer and duly approved by the appropriate authority. 5. At heights over 20 meters, structural metals should be used designed by a structural engineer and duly approved by the appropriate authority; 6. Structural steel when used as load bearing members of scaffolding shall be destressed at welded or bent joints and design construction approved by the proper authority FIRE HAZARDS AND LIFE SAFETY • Fire hazards are conditions that favor fire development or growth. • Three elements are required to start and sustain fire: (1) oxygen, (2) fuel, and (3) heat. • Because oxygen is naturally present in most earth environments, fire hazards usually involve the mishandling of fuel or heat.

CLASSES OF FIRE

FIRE PROOF STORAGE CABINET

FIRE PREVENTION AND SUPPRESSION SUMMARY

LIFE SAFETY Life safety involves protecting the vehicles, vessels, and lives of people in buildings and structures from fire. BASIC REQUIREMENTS The term structure refers to a structure or building.  Every structure, new and existing, that is to be occupied by people must have a means of egress and other fire protection safeguards.  Every structure must be constructed or renovated, maintained, and operated in such a way that occupants are (1) protected from fire, smoke, or fumes; (2) protected from fire-related panic; (3) protected long enough to allow a reasonable amount of time for evacuation; and (4) protected long enough to defend themselves without evacuating.  In providing structures with means of egress a...