BEE Lab Manual for 1st year PDF

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Lab Manual for 1st year-EXP-1 to10-BEE-LAB...

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LIST OF EXPERIMENTS Sl.No

Name of the Experiments

1

Verification of ohm’s law

2

Verification of KCL and KVL.

Experiments Link http://vlabs.iitkgp.ernet.in/be/exp4/index. html#

https://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=1&brch=75

3

Verification Thevenin’s theorem

4

Verification of the superposition theorem

5

To design Series RL circuit and find out the current flowing through each component To study the R-L-C series circuit

6

7

8 9

10

a. Determination of the voltage transformation ratio (K) of a single phase transformer.

phase transformer. To measure the power of 3-Φ load (star)  Study of different parts of DC machine  Study of three phase induction motor  Study and use of Megger.

http://vlab.amrita.edu/index.php? sub=1&brch=75&sim=313&cnt=1 http://vlabs.iitkgp.ernet.in/asnm/exp5/jssimulator/superposition_website_17mar.h tml https://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=1&brch=75

https://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=1&brch=75 or http://vlabs.iitkgp.ernet.in/asnm/exp12/jssimulator/RLC_ckt.html

http://vlabs.iitkgp.ernet.in/asnm/exp19/jssimulator/tx_web.html

http://vlabs.iitkgp.ernet.in/asnm/exp7/jssimulator/power_web.html

Transient analysis of series R-L MATLAB SOFTWARE and R-C circuit using MATLAB-SIMULINK with DC excitation.

Page.No

EXPERIMENT NO-1 AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: Verification of ohm’s law. OBJECTIVE: To establish the voltage-current relationship in the electric circuit. EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED SL NO NAME OF THE EQUIPMENT

TYPE

RANGE

QUANTITY

1

Ammeter

DC

0-1A

01

2

Voltmeter

DC

0-30-60V

01

3

DC Regulated voltage source

DC

0-30V

01

4

Rheostat

50Ω,5A

01

1.5mm2 Multi Strand

As per required

5

Connecting Wire

PVC wire

THEORY 1. Ohm’s law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points. Such a conductor is characterized by its ‘Resistance’ – R measured in Ohms. 2. V=I×R  V is the Voltage in Volts across the Resistance.  I is the current in Amperes through the Resistance.  Voltage(V) is directly proportional to current i.e V=I×R  Resistance(R) in inversely proportional to current(I) i.e I=V/R

Ohm's Law triangle From the above figure, the equation may be represented by a triangle known as Ohm's Law triangle, where V (voltage) is placed on the top section, the I (current) is placed to the left section, and the R (resistance) is placed to the right. The line that divides the left and right sections indicates multiplication, and the divider between the top and bottom sections indicates division. Therefore, equations derived from Ohm's law triangle areV=I×R I=V/R R=V/I

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM Offline:

Online:

PROCEDURE(Online mode):

a. Go to http://vlabs.iitkgp.ernet.in/be/exp4/ohmslaw1.html b. Set DC voltage at (0-30V) by changing slider as shown below c. Set the Resistance Value (50Ω,75Ω,100Ω)by changing slider as shown below

d. Repeat Step b and Step c

e. Tabulate the Values by using the Add to table option as indicated below.

f.

Plot the voltage versus current graph by using the plot option as shown below

OBSERVATION TABLE(Online mode): Sl.No

Supply Voltage(V)

Current in Ampere(I) R=50Ω

1 2 3 4 5 6 R=75 Ω 1 2 3 4 5 6 R=100Ω 1 2 3 4 5

Resistance in Ohm R=V/I

6

PROCEDURE (Offline mode) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Set DC voltage(0-30 V). Set the Resistance Value (50Ω,100Ω,140Ω ) . Voltmeter is placed parallel to resistor and ammeter series with resistor. Now note the Voltmeter and Ammeter reading for DC voltage. Increase the DC voltage and note Voltmeter and Ammeter Readings. Keep resistance value constant 6. Plot the V-I graph to verify Ohm's Law. 7. Repeat step 2 to 6 for another set of resistance value. 8. V versus I graph is a straight line. OBSERVATION(Offline mode): Sl.No

Supply Voltage(V)

Current in Ampere(I)

Resistance in Ohm R=V/I

1 2 3 4 5 Nature of Graph:

Graph: Draw graphs for V versus I for three R(50Ω,100Ω,140Ω ) values. The nature of graphs are straight lines passing through the origin having different slopes. The higher values of R the slope of the lines are more. CONCLUSION

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:

1. 2. 3. 4.

Write definition of Ohm’s law. Express Ohm’s law in term of V,I and R. State the applications of Ohm’s law. State whether Ohm’s law should true for both DC and AC circuits. A Charging system producing 14.5 Volts with a current flow of 43.5 Amps, what is the circuit resistance? 5. What is an unit resistance? 6. What is positive temperature coefficient of a conductor? 7. State which material has negative temperature coefficient? 8. Mention the effect of temperature on resistance? 9. What is resistivity? 10. Reciprocal of resistance is ………………..

(Signature of the student) NAME: .................................................................... ROLL.NO: ............................................................. BRANCH: ..........................SESSION:.................. SECTION: ........................... GROUP : ................ Signature of the faculty (Name of the faculty)

EXPERIMENT NO:2 AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: Verification of Kirchoff’s Current Law ( KCL) and Kirchoff’s Voltage Law( KVL) OBJECTIVES: a. To find the current in each branch and then verify KCL. b. To find the voltage across each element in a loop and then verify KVL. THEORY: KCL: It states that in any electrical network the algebraic sum of point is zero. I1 + I2 + I3+ ……. = 0

currents meeting at a

∑

I=0 Or KVL: It states that the algebraic sum of emfs and the voltage drops in a closed loop is zero.

∑ E+ ∑ IR=0

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: S. No.

Name of the Apparatus

Type

Range

Quantity

1

Voltmeter

DC

0-300V

05

2

Ammeter

DC

(0 – 1-2)A

04

3

Tungsten Filament Lamp

AC/DC

100W, 230V

06

4

Rheostat

DC

300 Ohm, 1.7A

01

5

Connecting Wire

PVC wire

1.5mm2 Multi Strand

As per required

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Circuit Diagram(Online) KVL:

KCL:

PROCEDURE(Offline): a. b. c. d.

Make the connection as per circuit diagram given for KCL. Set the rheostats to their minimum value. Switch ON supply. Apply different voltages with the help of potential divider.

e. f. g. h.

Note down the reading of ammeter and voltmeter for KCL. For verification of KVL make the connection as per the circuit diagram given in KVL. Follow the steps of b,c,d. Note down the readings of ammeter and voltmeter for KVL. PROCEDURE(Online): The



components are given at the right side on the simulator. They

can be dragged and the circuit can be formed as in the circuit diagram. The colour change in the nodes of the components confirms the connection. By noting the current and voltages through different branches the law can be verified.

OBSERVATION TABLE(offline/Online): Sl. No.

Applied Voltage(V) in Volt

KCL I (Amp)

I1 (Amp)

I2 (Amp)

Remarks

1 2 3 4 5 KVL Sl. No. 1

Applied Voltage(V) in Volt

V1 (Volt)

V2 (Volt)

V3 (Volt)

2 3 4 5

CALCULATION:

PRECAUTION: a. All connections should be tight. b. The meter should be of proper range. c. Before connecting the meters in the circuit check their zero position.

Remarks

CONCLUSION:

KCL and KVL are verified with direct current.

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS: 1) Define KVL? 2) What is the difference between a loop and a mesh? 3) Define KCL? 4) What is the difference between a node and a junction? 5) What is Current Divider Rule (CDR)? 6) What is Voltage Divider Rule? 7) What do you mean by dependent and independent voltage sources? 8) Differentiate between ideal and non-ideal current sources? 9) Differentiate between ideal and non-ideal voltage sources? 10) Define super node?

(Signature of the student) NAME: .................................................................... ROLL.NO: ............................................................. BRANCH: ..........................SESSION:.................. SECTION: ........................... GROUP : ................ Signature of the faculty

(Name of the faculty)

Experiment-3 Aim of the Experiment: Verification of Thvenin’s theorem. OBJECTIVE: 1. To verify Thevenin's theorem 2. To calculate efficiency of the load using Thevenin's theorem at different load APPARATUS REQUIRED : Sl No.

Equipments

Type

1

DC Regulated Supply

DC

0-30 V

01

2

Voltmeter

PMMC

0-30-60V

03

3

Ammeter

PMMC

0-1A

01

4

Rheostat

-

0-50 Ω, 5A

03

5

Connecting wires

PVC wire

Specification

1.5mm2 Multi Strand

Quantity

As per required

Theory: Thevenin’s theorem states that a linear bilateral active network can be replaced by an equivalent voltage source and a series resistance. In any DC circuit, Rth If Rth = Thevenin resistance VL V RL = load resistance  Vth Vth = Thevenin voltage V L = load voltage RL Fig 3.2: Equivalent circuit for thevenin's Then, V L = V th * theorem R L + R th 2 V th2 ∗R L VL P Power dissipated by the load, L = = 2 RL ( R L +R th ) In short the steps are,  Find the Thevenin source voltage by removing the load resistor from the original circuit

and calculating voltage across the open connection points where the load resistor used to be.  Find the Thevenin resistance by removing all power sources in the original circuit (voltage

sources shorted and current sources open) and calculating total resistance between the open connection points.  Draw the Thevenin equivalent circuit, with the Thevenin voltage source in series with the

Thevenin resistance. The load resistor re-attaches between the two open points of the equivalent circuit.  Analyze voltage and current for the load resistor following the rules for series circuits.

RL

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM(offline):

Fig 1(a): Experimental Setup for measuring load current

Fig 1(b): Experimental Setup for Thevenin's voltage Vth or Voc.

Fig 1(c): Experimental Setup for Thevenin's Resistance Rth

Fig 1(d): Experimental Setup for verification of Thevenin's Theorem CIRCUIT DIAGRAM (Online):

PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 1(a). Set the resistance value R1, R2 and RL to any value. 2. Apply the two voltage source and Measure the load current in load resistance(RL). 3. For Thevenin voltage Vth ,Connect the circuit as shown in figure 1(b) without changing the value of resistance R1 and R2. 4. Note down the reading of Voc which is thevenin voltage Vth. 5. For calculation of thevenin resistance do the connection as per the figure 1(c). Short all the voltage source and open all the current source present in the circuit. 6. For verification of thevenin theorem reconnect the circuit as shown in figure 1(d). 7. Set the thevenin voltage Vth by adjusting the power supply. 8. Vary the load resistance RL as in point no 2 and note down the reading of load current. 9. Compare the reading taken in procedure 2 with procedure 8 for verification of Thevenin theorem. PROCEDURE(Online): 1. The components are given on the right side of the simulator. You can click on the desired component and drag it to the simulator screen. 2. Connection wires are provided. The connection can be confirmed by noticing the colour change in the node. 3. First, design the original circuit , and then notice the current and voltage through the load resistance. 4. Then calculate the Thevenin's equivalent resistance and voltage. Design Thevenin's equivalent circuit. Measure the current through the load resistance. 5. Compare the two results to verify the theorem. OBSERVATION(Online/Offline): Observation from Figure 1(a)-R1=10, R2=20 Supply Supply Sl. Load Resistance RL Voltage(V1) Voltage(V2) No in Ohm in Volt in Volt 1

10

20

40

2

15

25

40

3

20

30

40

Observation from Figure 1(b)

Load Current IL (mA)

Thevnin’s Voltage-Vth Thevnin’s Voltage-Vth (Calculate value) (Measured value)

Sl.No

1 2 3 Observation from Figure 1(C) Thevnin’s Resistance-Rth

Sl. No 1,2,3

Observation from Figure 1(d) Sl. No

Thevenin Voltage in Volt (Vth)

Load Resistance RL in Ohm

1

40

2

40

3

40

Load Current IL (mA)

Verify the load current in figure-1(a) and 1(d)

Calculation: From figure-1(b) Applying KVL V2-I(R1+ R2)-V1=0 I

V 2  V1 R1  R2

Vth=V2-IR2

From figure-1(c) Rth = R1||R2 =

R 1×R 2 R1 + R2

Conclusion : Discussion Questions: 1.

Apply Thevenin’s theorem to the circuit shown to determine the current through the resistor R2

2.

Fig (i) Using Thevenin’s theorem to the circuit shown to determine the current through the resistor R5

Fig (ii) 3.

For the circuit given use Thevenin’s theorem to determine the current through the resistor R4 when R1 is open circuited

Fig (iii) 4.

In the circuit shown, determine the current through R3 using Thevenin’s theorem.

Fig (iv)

5.

Calculate the current through R3 in the figure below by the use of Thevenin’s theorem.

(Signature of the student) NAME: .................................................................... ROLL.NO: ............................................................. BRANCH: ..........................SESSION:.................. SECTION: ........................... GROUP : ................ Signature of the faculty (Name of the faculty)

EXPERIMENT NO-4 AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To verify superposition theorem by DC circuit. OBJECTIVE: To verify the I=I1+I2 EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

1

Name of the Equipment DC Regulated power supply

2

Ammeter

0-1-2 Amp

DC

1

3

Voltmeter Tungsten filament Lamp

0-30-60V

DC

2

200W,230V

AC/DC

3

PVC wire

1.5mm2 Multi Strand

As per required

Sl.No

5 6

Connecting Wire

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: FIGURE-1

FIGURE-2

FIGURE -3

Range

Type

Quantity

0-30V

DC

2

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM(Online)

DESCRIPTION: Superposition is general principle that follows as to determine the effect of several energy source (current & voltage source) acting simultaneously on a system by considering the effect of each source acting alone & they are combining (superposing) these effects. The superposition theorem states that “in a linear circuit, containing more than one independent sources (which include equivalent sources due to initial conditions), the overall response (that is the current through or voltage across) in any branch is equal to the sum of the response due to each independent source acting one at a time with all other ideal independent sources set equal to zero” A practical voltage source is deactivated by short-circuiting it leaving behind it internal impedance. A practical current source is deactivated by open circuiting it leaving behind its internal impedance. The superposition theorem is applicable to all linear networks,time varying or time invariant. It is applicable to independent sources. Of all types and all the waveforms. It is applicable in both time domain &‘s’ domain. Since power is proportional to the square of voltage or current, it becomes a nonlinear function. Hence, superposition theorem can not be applied to find the power. Superposition theorem is applicable in AC. & DC circuit & also in AC. circuits with different source frequencies. PROCEDURE(offline/Online): Step-I a. Connect as per the circuit diagram given in figure 1 b. Switch on the voltage sources E1& E2 and adjust them for different values using DC regulated power supply c. Measure the corresponding current I through Bulb-B3 Step-II d. Connect as per the circuit diagram given in figure b. e. Switch on the voltage sources E1 and adjust them for same values as taken in step-I. f. Measure the corresponding current I1 through Bulb-B3. Step-III g. Connect as per the circuit diagram given in figure c. h. Switch on the voltage sources E2 and adjust them for same values as taken in step-I. i. Measure the corresponding current I2 through Bulb-B3. j. Finally Verify I= I1+I2 OBSERVATION TABLE(Offline):

Sl no

Ammeter reading with source E1 and E2 (I) in Amp

Ammeter reading with source E1 (I1) in Amp

Ammeter reading with source E2 (I2) in Amp

Remark

1 2 3 4 5 OBSERVATION TABLE(Online):

CALCULATION: I= I1+I2 PRECAUTION: a. All connections should be tight. b. The meter should be of proper range. c. Before connecting the meters in the circuit check their zero position. CONCLUSION:

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS: 1) State super position theorem? 2) What is the meaning of linear network? 3) What is the meaning of bilateral network? 4) What is difference between active element and passive element? 5) While doing the experiment, what will happens if the two variacs are wrongly connected? 6) What are the dependent sources? 7) Is Superposition theorem valid for only linear systems?

8) In this experiment why the phage angles of the currents are are not considered? 9) What are the limitations of superposition theorem? 10) State maximum power transfer theorem.

(Signature of the student) NAME: .................................................................... ROLL.NO: ............................................................. BRANCH: ..........................SESSION:.................. SECTION: ........................... GROUP : ................ Signature of the faculty (Name of the faculty)

EXPERIMENT NO-5 AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT :To design Series RL circuit and find out the current flowing through it. OBJECTIVE : 1.To find current flowing through R & L. 2. To find the power factor of series R-L circuit. EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED Range

Type

Quantity

1

Name of the ...