Bio 110 Exams - Exam review document PDF

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1. Natural selection is best defined as: A) selection by humans for specific traits in a population. B) change in the genetic structure of a population over time. C) chance factors changing the genetic structure of a population. D) differential reproductive success among members of a population.

2. Which of the following statements about natural selection is most accurate? A) Natural selection is a random process. B) Natural selection results in organisms that are perfectly adapted to their environment. C) Mammals in cold climates need warm fur so they evolve thick coats. D) Natural selection can only act on populations with genetic variation.

3. Many of water's special properties such as cohesion and high heat of vaporization, result from: A) the covalent bonds between oxygen and hydrogen within the water molecule. B) the small size of a water molecule. C) the tendency of water molecules to repel each other. D) the hydrogen bonds between water molecules.

4. Basilisk lizards are able to "run" across the surface of a body of water without falling into the water. Which of the following characteristics of water is NOT related to the ability?

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A) Adhesion of water molecules to a surface. B) Cohesion among water molecules. C) Liquid water is more dense than the solid form. D) Hydrogen bonding among water molecules. 5. Ice floats in liquid water because: A) ice contains air bubbles that reduce its density, making it less dense than liquid water. B) it is held on top of the liquid water by the high surface tension of liquid water. C) the water molecules in ice are held further apart than the molecules in liquid water. D) there are fewer hydrogen bonds between water molecules in ice than there are in liquid water.

6. All biological macromolecules: A) are comprised of long chains of monomers. B) have energy storage as their primary function. C) have a structure based on carbon atoms. D) are polar.

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7. The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What would be the molecular formula for a polymer made by linking three glucose molecules together by dehydration synthesis reactions? A) C18H36O18 B) C18H32O16 C) C16H32O16 D) C16H24O18

8. Match the biological macromolecule with its function. Use each function only once. A. Cellulose B. DNA C. Starch D. Protein E. RNA B: Store genetic information A: Provide structure C: Store energy E: Express genetic information D: Catalyze chemical reactions

9. You are studying the chemical reactions that take place when nucleic acids are produced. As you add an enzyme, DNA polymerase, that catalyzes the joining of nucleotides to form DNA, you measure the concentration of water molecules in the solution. You predict that as this reaction continues, the number of water molecules in the reaction solution will: A) increase. B) stay the same. C) decrease. D) Water molecules are not involved in these chemical reactions. 10. The enzyme amylase in human saliva is able to break the covalent bonds between glucose molecules in plant starch (amylose), but cannot break the covalent bonds between glucose molecules in cellulose. This means that: Page3of76

A) there is a chemical difference between the bonds in starch and the bonds in cellulose. B) humans are not able to obtain chemical bond energy from cellulose using enzymes they produce. C) humans are able to obtain chemical bond energy from starch using enzymes they produce. D) All of the above statements are true. 11. _________________________ is not a function of proteins. A) Storage of genetic information in the nucleus B) Digestion of food C) Transportation of oxygen in the circulatory system D) Coloration of the skin and hair 12. Normal hemoglobin has a glutamic acid with the 6th amino acid position while sickle-cell hemoglobin has a valine in the 7th position. Normal hemoglobin is ______________ compared to the hemoglobin produced by the sickle-cell allele.

A) longer B) more hydrophilic C) shorter D) more hydrophobic 13. This figure shows the final structure of a functional insulin protein on the right. What is the term used to describe the structural level of this functional insulin protein? Page4of76

A) Primary B) Secondary C) Tertiary D) Quaternary 14. Lipids are predominantly hydrophobic because of their ______________. A) sugar-phosphate backbone B) nitrogenous bases C) phosphate groups D) hydrocarbon chains 15.

This image shows a triacylglycerol (a dietary fat). This is an example of a(n) ___________________ fat and fat comprised of only this type of molecule is expected to be _____________ at room temperature.

A) unsaturated ; solid Page5of76

B) saturated ; solid C) unsaturated ; liquid D) saturated ; liquid 16. This is an image of a phospholipid bilayer. This bilayer forms in water because phospholipids have a ________________ head region and ______________ tails.

A) hydrophobic ; hydrophilic B) hydrophilic ; hydrophobic C) hydrophilic ; hydrophilic D) hydrophobic ; hydrophobic 17. Which of the following statements about a DNA double helix is accurate? A) The strands run in opposite directions; one from 3' to 5', the other from 5' to 3'. B) One strand is composed of the nucleotides ACGT and the other strand is composed of the nucleotides ACGU. C) The two strands are bound together by covalent bonds between the sugar molecules on each strand. D) The strands run in the same direction, both 3' to 5'. 18. Which of the following statements best describes the conditions on early Earth and its impact on the evolution of life. A) There was abundant methane and nitrogen and little oxygen; early life was obligately anaerobic.

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B) There was abundant methane, little nitrogen and variable oxygen; early life was facultatively aerobic. C) There was abundant methane, nitrogen and oxygen; early life was obligately aerobic. D) There was abundant nitrogen and oxygen levels were highly variable; early life was facultatively anaerobic.

19. A paleontologist is radiometrically dating three rocks from three different sites using the Potassium-Argon "clock", which has a half life of 1.25 billion years. The data she has obtained is shown in the table below. Based upon these data, which rock is the oldest? Rock being test Amount of parent element (Potassium) present Rock A 50% Rock B 12.5% Rock C 25% A) Rock A B) Rock B C) Rock C D) You cannot determine this from the information given. 20. Researchers from the Pennsylvania Geological Survey and Dickinson College took samples of fossil plants from the bottom of a pond in Cumberland County. The plants represented in the sample were the same species that are found in tundra environments in the far north today. They used Carbon-14 radiometric dating to estimate the age of these plant fossils (the half life of Carbon-14 is 5730 years). They determined that these fossils are about 14,325 years old. Approximately what percentage of the parent isotope (C14) remains in these fossils? A) 50% (1 half life) B) 37.5% (1.5 half lives) C) 25% (2 half lives) D) 18.75% (2.5 half lives) 21. Radiocarbon dating is appropriate to use when estimating the dates of fossils deposited at the time of _________. Page7of76

A) the diversification of bony fishes (363 - 409 million years ago) B) the origin of most modern animal phyla (510 - 570 million years ago) C) the time at which life forms arose on Earth D) the first European occupation of the New World (less than 10,000 years ago)

22. You are an archaeologist who has just found an ancient fire ring containing charcoal fragments. You send these fragments to the lab for carbon-14 analysis. The report comes back that these fragments have 1/4 (25%) the amount of carbon14, compared to modern wood. You use 5730 years as the half-life of carbon-14. You conclude the charcoal is about _____. A) 11,460 years old B) 5730 years old C) 2865 years old D) 17,190 years old 23. You are examining this recent core from a pine tree in North America. It spans three decades, 1950 to 1980. Which of the following statements is supported by the pattern of the rings in this core?

A) The climate conditions were very consistent across all three decades. B) The climate was cooler and drier in the 1970s than in the 1960s and 1950s. C) The climate was cooler and drier in the 1950s than in the 1960s and 1970s. D) The climate was very warm and wet only during the 1960s. 24. Organism Page8of76

A B C D Large population Y Y N N Hard shell N Y N Y Lives near the shore (river or ocean) N Y Y Y Lives where oxygen content is low N Y N Y Rank the fossils of these organisms from most common (#1) to least common (#4). 1234A) Organism A 1234B) Organism B 1234C) Organism C 1234D) Organism D

Table for Individual Question Feedback Points Earned: 0.0/2.5 Correct Answer(s): A:4, B:1, C:3, D:2 25. You are collecting biological samples and bringing them back to the lab to determine the diversity of organisms present in the sample. Most of the species are alPage9of76

ready described, but you find one that you think is a new species. It is a prokaryote. Which of the following would you find if it is a member of the Archaea, not a bacteria? A) There would be introns in some of its genes. B) There would be a plasma membrane surrounding its cells. C) There would be peptidoglycan in its cell wall. D) All of the above are true of Archaea. 26. The genetic variation in prokaryotes can arise through: (select all that apply) A) horizontal gene transfer B) mitosis C) conjugation D) transformation

27. Which of the following would NOT be true of a Gram (+) bacterium? A) The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer. B) The cell wall contains a large amount of peptidoglycan. C) There is a phospholipid bilayer as the outside layer of the cell, surrounding the cell wall. D) The cells will appear purple after gram staining. 28. The bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae is the organism responsible for bacterial pneumonia. It has a cell-wall that is predominately made of peptidoglycan and no outer membrane. Based upon these characteristics, this bacterium is __________________. It has the ability to take up DNA from its environment; this ability is known as __________________. A) gram positive / transformation B) gram negative / transformation C) gram positive / transduction D) gram negative / transduction 29. Vibrio anguillarium is an economically important pathogen of fish grown in fish farms. The bacteria are attracted to the amino acids and carbohydrates that are found in the mucus on the skin and in the intestines of the fish. Vibrio anguillarium finds a host fish using: A) positive geotaxis. B) positive chemotaxis. Page10of76

C) positive phototaxis. D) negative chemotaxis. 30. Rhodobacter sphaeroides is a purple bacteria. It usually gets its energy from sunlight and its carbon from organic molecules. If there is no sunlight, it can obtain energy from organic molecules. Therefore, this bacterium is: (select all that apply)

A) a photoautotroph B) a photoheterotroph C) a chemoautotroph D) a chemoheterotroph 31. What mode of nutrition is used by bacteria that use carbon dioxide as a carbon source and sunlight as an energy source? A) Photoheterotrophy. B) Photoautotrophy. C) Chemoautotrophy. D) Chemoheterotrophy. 32. The Hawaiian Bobtail squid (Euprymna scolopes) is a small nocturnal marine invertebrate. It is best known for its light organ, which contains only one species of bacteria (Vibrio fischeri). The squid acquires these bacteria from the water shortly Page11of76

after hatching. These bacteria produce bioluminescence, which obscures the shape of the squid to help it avoid predators. The squid provides nutrients for the bacteria. The relationship between the squid and the bacterium is:

A) commensalism. B) mutualism. C) parasitism. D) photo autotrophic.

33. Nitrogen gas (N2) has always been abundant in Earth's atmosphere. This nitrogen is necessary for the synthesis of both proteins and nucleic acids. All of the nitrogen that is found in biological organisms has been converted from this gas to a solid form by species of: A) Archaea. B) Bacteria. C) Fungi. D) Plants. 34. The Exxon Valdez oil tanker ran aground in Alaska's Prince William Sound in the spring of 1989, dumping approximately 11-million gallons of oil. Many species of prokaryotes are known to exist in Alaska's Prince William Sound, and together they are capable of degrading petroleum and its by-products. However, in this disaster the number of organisms were insufficient to process the large amount of oil spilled. There was plenty of carbon available, but other necessary components were lacking. How was this limitation overcome?

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A) Antibiotics were added to the water. B) Dry ice (carbon dioxide) was added to the water. C) Sugar was added to the contaminated water. D) Fertilizer was added to the water. 35. Which of these statements about obligate anaerobes is true? A) They cannot grow in the presence of oxygen and some species may die. B) They must have oxygen to survive. C) They will use oxygen if it is present, but can survive without it. D) They generate oxygen through photosynthesis.

36. In experiments done in the 1920s to study the bacterium that causes pneumonia, Frederick Griffith found that harmless R strain bacteria became lethal S strain bacteria when mixed with a culture of heat-killed S strain bacteria. This is because bacteria can undergo: A) binary fission. B) conjugation. C) transformation. D) transduction. 37. The experiments done by Hershey and Chase to confirm that DNA is the genetic material relied upon understanding and applying concepts that you have learned in this class. Which of these statements describes an understanding that was important to the design of their experiments? Choose all that apply. A) Bacteria can exchange genetic information through conjugation. B) Proteins contain the element sulfur. C) DNA contains the element phosphorus. Page13of76

D) Radioactive isotopes can be used to label and track particular atoms and the molecules that contain them. E) DNA is a double helix that contains the bases A C G and T. F) Bacteria have viruses (bacteriophages) that can infect their cells. 38. Scientific research papers are written in a very similar way, divided into specific sections that reflect the scientific method. Match the sections of a research paper with the corresponding steps in the scientific method A. Introduction B. Materials and Methods C. Results D. Discussion ABCDDetails the data collected from the experiments performed or observations

made ABCDDescribes the experimental protocols used ABCDSummarizes and evaluates the findings of the research study ABCDOutlines the question being asked ABCDSuggests additional avenues of research based upon the results of this study ABCDDescribes the hypothesis being tested in this study

Table for Individual Question Feedback Points Earned: 2.5/2.5 Correct Answer(s): Results:Details the data collected from the experiments performed or observations made, Materials and Methods:Describes the experimental protocols used, Discussion:Summarizes and evaluates the findings of the research study, Introduction:Outlines the question being asked, Discussion:Suggests additional avenues of research based upon the results of this study, Introduction:Describes the hypothesis being tested in this study

39. Clostridium botulinum is an anaerobic gram positive bacterium, and produces botulism toxin, one of the most potent human toxins. Endospores of this bacterium are often found in honey, and parents are advised not to feed raw honey

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to children under the age of two because it can lead to infant botulism. Why is it dangerous for infants to consume these endospores? A) Because the endospores can sporulate in the anaerobic conditions in the human gut and produce botulinum neurotoxin, leading to paralysis. B) Because the endospores can multiply in the bloodstream, causing organ failure and death. C) The endospores do not secrete the neurotoxin; botulism can only be caused by ingesting food that contains living C. botulinum bacteria. D) Because the endospores can sporulate in the aerobic conditions in the human gut and produce botulinum neurotoxin, leading to paralysis.

Table for Individual Question Feedback Points Earned: 2.5/2.5 Correct Answer(s): A

40. Which of the following is a plausible hypothesis for why Bacillus subtilis living on the south-facing slope of the Evolution Canyon have more efficient biosynthesis than those living on the north-facing slope? A) The bacteria are from different species and are expected to have different biosynthetic abilities. B) The south-facing slope has more resources available for growth so the bacteria have more energy to biosynthesize at a greater rate. C) The south-facing slope is a more extreme environment and efficient biosynthesis is an adaptation to this environment. D) The south-facing slope is the more desirable habitat and the bacteria with greater biosynthetic ability outcompeted other bacteria for this habitat.

Table for Individual Question Feedback Points Earned: 2.5/2.5 Correct Answer(s): C

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EXAM 2

1. The nucleus is: A) completely isolated from the rest of the cell. B) the targeted organelle for enzymes that catalyze DNA replication. C) the site of protein translation. D) not found in eukaryotes that are intracellular parasites.

Table for Individual Question Feedback Points Earned: 0.0/2.5 Correct Answer(s): B

2. You are studying a eukaryotic cell and have found that a protein that should be synthesized in the rough ER is being synthesized on free ribosomes in the cytoplasm. This would most likely be due to a: A) mutation in the SRP that binds to that protein. B) malfunction in the Golgi Apparatus. C) mutation in a gene that codes for microtubules. D) malfunction in the lysosomes that break down gangliosides.

Table for Individual Question Feedback Points Earned: 2.5/2.5 Correct Answer(s): A

3. In a person who has at least one normal copy of the gene that codes for the protein Hexosaminidase-A (the enzyme that breaks down gangliosides), place these Page16of76

structures in the order of the pathway that is involved in the synthesis of this hydrolase enzyme (first to last). 1234A) Golgi Apparatus 1234B) Lysosome 1234C) Rough ER 1234D) Signal recognition particle

Table for Individual Question Feedback Points Earned: 0.0/2.5 Correct Answer(s): A:3, B:4, C:2, D:1

4. The liver is the main detoxification organ in the human body. Based upon this function, one would expect to find high levels of ___________________ in the cells of the liver. A) Golgi bodies B) mitochondria C) rough endoplasmic reticulum D) smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Table for Individual Question Feedback Points Earned: 2.5/2.5 Correct Answer(s): D

5. Ciliates (such as Paramecium) are single-celled organisms that are covered with cilia. They use these cilia to propel themselves through the water in which they live. The components of the cytoskeleton that allows theses cilia to move are: A) microtubules made of tubulin. B) intermediate fibers made of keratin. Page17of76

C) microfilaments made of actin. D) secretory vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus.

Table for Individual Question Feedback Points Earned: 2.5/2.5 Correct Answer(s): A

6. The movement of white blood cells through your body, engulfing of foreign particles, and the movement of chromosomes during mitosis are: A) both performed by microtubules. B) each performed by different components of the cytoskeleton. C) both performed by microfilaments. D) each performed by different components of the endomembrane system.

Table for Individual Question Feedback Points Earned: 0.0/2.5 Correct Answer(s): B

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