Bio of Animals Exam 1 PDF

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Bi oofAni ma l sExa m1 Che c kl i s t s :**I mpor t antf ore xam asme nt i one di nc l as s ** Ev ol ut i on–popu l a t i onc ha n g e d:c hang ei nf r e que nc yoft r ai t si napopul at i on ( s ur vi v aloft hefit t e s t ) Na t ur a lSe l e c t i on–n a t ur e( a g e nt )pi c ksoffas pe c i e sc aus eofc hangei napopul a t i on’ s t r ai t s He r i t a bl ev a r i a t i ons -3c ol or sofbe e t l e st r a i t st ha tc anbes e l e c t e d Ad a pt a t i on–i nc r e as ei nfit ne s sofapopul at i ont oi t se nvi r onme nt I s ot ope–ar eat omsoft hes amee l e me ntha v edi ffe r e nt#so fne ut r ons( C12v sC14) I s ome rCa r boh ydr a t eLi pi dPr ot e i nNu c l e i ca c i d– Fa t Al phahe l i xPl e a t e ds he e tRa ndo mc oi l -Di s or de r e dpor t i onofapr ot e i n Bi ome s -ha bi t a t sf orgr oup sofs pe c i e s c ommu ni t yofs p e c i e st ha tl i v e si napa r t i c ul a r a r e aoft hee a r t h Al lor bi t a l si na ne ne r gyl e v e lmu s tbef ul lf ort hee l e me ntt obes t a bl eorha pp y/i ne r t I ne r t–unr e a c t i v e ;a r ei nt hef a r r i gh tc ol umnoft hepe r i odi cc ha r ta nda l lt he i ror bi t a l s a r ef ul l Un s a t ur a t e dc a r bo nsh a v ed ou b l eb on d s Hy dr oc a r bo nsa r eHy dr op ho bi c–hy dr oc a r bo nsf e arwa t e r Hy dr o g e nb ondsa r et h ewe a k e s tb on dt ype . Co mp ound=mol e c u l e At om=e l e me ntw I o ni c -a t omt h a th a san e tc ha r g e ,a t omwi t hu ne q ua lp r o t onsa nde l e c t r ons , me di umi ns t r e n gt h I o nsa r eh ydr ophi l i c , me a ni n gt h e yd i s s o l v ee a s i l y I o nsa ndp ol a rmo l e c ul e sdi s s o l v ee a s i l ywhe r en on pol a rmol e c ul e sd on ’ t H2i snonpo l a rh 2oI spol a r Fa t ’ sc a r b spr ot e i nsn u c l e i ca c i d sa ndwa t e rma k eupap e r s on Or g a ni cmo l e c ul e s/or ga n i cc ompoundsa l lc ont a i nc a r bon Ca r b onf or msc ha i nsa l l o wsc ompl e x i t ya nda l l o wsma c hi ne sf r ommo r emol e c u l e s Ca r b onf or msc ha i nsbe c a u s ee l e c t r ono r bi t a l s At omc a n notb ec ut ,ame a nsnott o mme a nsc ut Nuc l e u si sl i ket hes un ,c ont a i nspr o t ons( +)a n dn e u t r ons( 0) El e c t r ons( )a r el i k et h ep l a n e t s Or b i t a l sa r el i k et h eo r bi t s Or g a ni cmo l e c ul e s _c a r bonc ont a i ni n gc omp ou nds Ra t i o C: H: Oi s1 : 2: 1( h ydr a t eo fc a r bon)

CH1911 Di v e r s i t y Uni t y

He r i t a bl eVa r i a t i ons DNA v s Ge ne t i cI nf or ma t i on CH21359 El e me nt v s Compoun d At om v s Mol e c ul e Pr ot on Vs Ne ut r on v s El e c t r on v s At omi cNuc l e us Ene r gyLe v e l( s he l l ) Or bi t a l I oni c v s Co v a l e nt v s Hydr og e nBond Si ng l e v s Doubl eBond Pol a r v s NonPol a rBond CH3157810 15 Or g a ni c Vs i nor g a ni cc ompoun ds

Hydr oc a r bon( Mol e c ul ewi t honl yhydr og e nandc ar bonar ec al l e dhydr oc ar bons ) v sHydr ophi l i c( di s s ol v ee as i l y) v sh ydr ophob i c( Sc ar e dofwat e r ) Func t i ona lgr oups v s Rgr oup Hydr o xy l Vs Ca r bon y l v s Ca r bo xy l v s Ami no v s Phos pha t egr oup( =PO4=a c i d ) Ma c r omol e c ul e Pol y me r( t r a i n) v smonome r( c a r ) De h yd r a t i on( Ta kewa t e rout , bui l dst r a i n) v sh ydr ol y s i s( wa t e rbr e a ki ngbr e a ksc a r s ) Ca r boh ydr a t e( s hor tt e r me ne r gys a c c ha r i de si ss yn; s uffixos eme a nsc a r b;i s ome r sme a n s a mepa r t s , mol e c ul e st ha tha v et hes a mea t omsa r r a ng e ddi ffe r e nt l y) v sl i pi d( l on gt e r me ne r gy)t r l y c e r i de3C o la tt hee n do famo l e c ul eme a nsi th a sa nOHgr oup a dd3f a t t ya c i dst ot heOHgr oups t r i g l y c e r i de s =h y dr oc a r b onsh ydr o phobi c p hos p hol i p i d=h ydr ophi l i ch e a d ,h yd r ophobi ct a i l , f or msfil monwa t e r , f or mss phe r e si ff o r c e dt o wa t e r*p hos phol i p i dma k e sbi l a y e r s , bi l a y e r sma keme mbr a ne s* St e r oi ds =r i n gs h a pe dh y dr oc a r b ons , f o urr i n gc o mp ound s , s t e r o i d sf unc t i ona shor mo ne s ( Ol y mpi c sha v e5r i n g s , s t e r oi d sha v e4r i n g s , t h e y ’ r eb a n ne df r o mOl ympi c s )a n a bol i cs t e r o i ds b ui l dmus c l e s;s t e rwor dsha v es t e r o i d s Chol e s t e r ol =s t a t i nsr e duc ec ho l e s t e r oli nbl oods t r e a m,h yd r ophobi c Li pi d sa r eh yd r ophobi ch ydr oc a r bons

v spr ot e i n a mi noa c i ds , Rg r oupma k e s1a mi n oa c i dd i ffe r e ntf r o mt hen e xt Gl obul a r( g l ob)i sab a l l ,s ph e r i c a l , fibr o usi sl i ne a r Twot ype sofp r ot e i na tt h et e r s h i r a r ys t r uc t ur el e v e la r eg l obul a ra ndfibr ousa ut oma t i c a l l ya dopt sa s t r u c t ur e mos tp r ot e i nsa r ee n z yme s , pol y pe pt i de sa r ep r ot e i ns i na tt hee n di sap r ot e i n 2 0t ype sofa mi noa c i dsha v e4l e v e l sofs t r uc t ur e

v snuc l e i ca c i d i nn uc l e u so fc e l l s n uc l e o t i de=p hos p ha t e , s u g a r , a ndaba s e( s i n g l ea ndd oubl er i n gs ) ( St or ei n f or ma t i o n;t humbd r i v e( s ma l l )i sRNA, ha r dd i s k( l a r g e )i sDNA)

Sa c c ha r i de–s y nonym f orc ar bohydr at e s Ce l l ul os e( c a nnotbedi g e s t e db yhuma ns , c a nbeb yc a t t l e )v sSt a r c hv sGl y c og e n Tr i gl y c e r i dev sf a t t ya c i dsv sa mi noa c i ds Sa t ur a t e d( ma xi mum nu mbe rofh ydr o g e ns , h ydr ophob i c , e xi tbl ooda ndf or m s t a c ks , unh e a l t h y) v suns a t ur a t e d( doe sno tha v ema xh ydr og e n, ha v edoub l ebon dsa ndki nks ) Fa t v s pho s pho l i pi d v s wa x v s s t e r oi d Enz yme Pe p t i debon d v s di pe pt i de v s pol y pe pt i de v s nuc l e ot i de Gl obul a r Vs Fi br ous Al phaHe l i x v s pl e a t e ds he e t v s r a ndomc oi l CH431415 162 2& CH519 Pr oka r y ot e-2ki n g doms( ba c t e r i a&a r c ha e a )nome mbr a neboun dnuc l e us ;nome mbr a ne bou ndor ga ne l l e s ;pr i mi t i v e–o l da nds i mpl e . Ho wl i f es t a r t e dvse uka r y ot e–4ki n g doms ( pr ot i s t s , a ni ma l s , pl a nt s ,&f un gi )Me mbr a neboundnuc l e usa ndot he ror ga ne l l e s , c yt os k e l e t on

Ce l l v s Or g a ne l l e( ‘ El l e ’me a nsl i t t l e ) Ri bos o me–ma k e spr ot e i nsvsl y s os ome–di g e s t i v ee nz yme s ,f oodbr e akage Endo c yt os i s–i n( e nt e r )t r ans por t si ns i devsEx oc yt os i s–out( e xi t )t r ans por t sout Pha g oc yt os i sv s pi noc yt os i s Nuc l e us( a ni ma l )–b i gs ph e r eDNAfil l snuc l e us v s nuc l e ol us–s ma l ls phe r e( ol usme a nsl i t t l e )a c t i on;RNAfil l st henuc l e ol us ,make sat ype ofRNA v s c yt opl a s m Pl a s mame mbr a ne( a ni ma l )–me mbr a nea r oundc yt opl a s m, ou t e rmos tbi l a y e r ; pho s pho l i pi dbi l a y e r ;pr ot e i ni sgl obul a ri nt heme mbr a nevsc e l lwa l l( pl a nt s )gr o ws t o wa r dss un; r i gi di t y Chl or opl a s t( pl a nt s )s ol a re ne r gyc e l l ;ba t t e r y; phot os y nvsc e nt r a lv a c uol e( pl a nt s )St or e s wa t e r ;no tmo v ev sCyt os k e l e t on–( a ni ma l )c yt ome a nsc e l l Endo pl a s mi cRe t i c ul um( r ou ghv ss moot h) Rou gh–c ha mbe r sdot t e dwi t hr i bos ome s( bumps ) , ma kepr ot e i ns Smoo t h–c ha mbe r swi t hout r i bos ome s , ma ke sl i pi ds v sGol g ic ompl e x( a ni ma l )–c ha mbe r s , pa c ka g epr ot e i nsa ndl i pi dsf ore xpor t a t i onout of c e l l Li pi d Ve s i c l e–floa t si nc yt opl a s ms t or et hi ngsandt he yt r ans por tt hi ngs;c anc omef r om a pi e c eofpl as mame mbr aneoranyme mbr ane Mi t oc hon dr i on–po we r ;pr oka r y ot e ;br e a ksdo wnf oodDi ffe r e nc ebe t we e nmi t oc hondr i a a ndl y s os ome si st ha tt hemi t oc hond r i ake e pf oodf ore ne r gy , l y s os ome sj us tbr e a kt he m do wns ma l l e ra nds ma l l e r Mi c r ofil a me nt s–a c t i n( ne c kl a c e )Sol i dMo v e me nt ( mus c l e )gl obpr ot e i nsv s mi c r ot ubul e s–t ubul i n( br i c kwe l l )Hol l o wSpi ndl e( mi t os i s )gl obpr ot e i nsf or ms

s pi ndl e s( us e di nc e l ldi vi s i ont os e par at ec hr omos ome s )vsI nt e r me di a t efil a me nt s– Ke r a t i n( r ope )s ol i dSha pe( ha i r )ma deoffibr ou spr ot e i n Ac t i n Vs t ubul i n v s k e r a t i n–ma ke sha i r me mbr a ne -phos phol i pi dbi l a y e r Ce l lThe or y 1.Al ll i vi ngt hi ngsa r ec ompos e dofc e l l s 2.Thec e l li st hebas i cuni tofl i f e 3.Al lc e l l sc omef r om pr e e xi s t i ngc e l l s CH51015 Po t e nt i a l v s ki ne t i ce ne r gy Ent r op y–me a s ur e me ntofdi s or de r Re a c t a nt s Vs Pr oduc t s Ex e r g oni c–r e l e as ee ne r gy( e xpl os i ons )( f a l l s )v sEnde r g oni c–c ons ume se ne r gy ( c l i mb s )vsCoupl e dr e a c t i ons–l i f ec r e a t e dor de rb yc oupl i ngr e a c t i onst og e t he r , s e e s a w r e a c t i on Tr a ns i t i ons t a t e -t i ppi n gpoi nt ,uns t a bl e , s t r e t c he st hebond sbe t we e nt hea t omst ot he br e a ki n gpoi nt Ac t i v a t i one ne r gy Vs a c t i v es i t e v s ATP-wa ye nz yme sg e te x e r g oni ce ne r gy Enz yme s-c a t a l yz er e a c t i ons , s pe e dsup,e nz yme sor i e ntr e a c t a nt s , e nz yme sc ou pl e r e a c t a nt st o g e t he r , onei se nde r g oni ca ndt heo t he ri se x e r g oni c Vs Cof a c t or–mos tc of a c t or sa r evi t a mi ns v s

c a t a l y s t a tt hebe gi nni n gofar e a c t i on, t hes ub s t a nc e sa r ec a l l e ds ubs t r a i ght sorr e a c t a nt s e nz yme sc a t a l yz er e a c t i ons CH6235111 317 Me t a bol i cPa t hwa y pa t hwa yi sas t a i r c a s e , t a ke sy ouo napa t h Bi os ynt he t i corAna bol i c e nde r g oni cpa t hwa y :whe ns ome t hi n gi ss y nt he s i z e d,i t me a nsy oua r ebui l di n gs ome t hi ng ,a na bol i c( bui l di n g )bui l dsc ompl e xmol e c ul e s Ca t a bol i cpa t hwa y br e a kf oo ddo wn, di g e s t i v e( 3br a nc he s ) I s ome r i z a t i on Phos phor y l a t i onv sr e do xr e a c t i on-( o xi da t i onr e duc t i onr e a c t i on)oc c uri nt heETC, gi v e/t a k ea ne l e c t r on, whe non ee l e c t r oni sha nde df r ompr ot e i nt opr ot e i n Gl y c ol y s i s p yr uv a t ebr a nc hpoi nt t ha tde pe ndsonO2, onebr a nc hofc a t a bol i c pa t hwa y s , br e a ksgl uc os edo wni nt oat hr e e c a r bonmol e c ul ec a l l e dp yr u v a t e , v sf e r me nt a t i on onebr a nc hofc a t a bol i cpa t hwa y s , a l l o wsust oke e pgl y c ol y s i sg oi ng be c a us ei tr e c y c l e si tba c k, i tdo e snot c r e a t ee ne r gy v sa e r obi cr e s pi r a t i on o nebr a nc hofc a t a bol i cpa t hwa y s , o xy g e ni nt hea i r Gl uc os e s ug a r v sp yr u v a t e c r e a t e db yg l y c ol y s i s , br a nc hpo i nt ,gr oun dho g , v sl a c t i ca c i d r unni ng10mi l e se x .Re s ul t si nl a c t i ca c i df r omnot ge t t i n ge nou gh o xy g e n v se t ha nol Ae r obi c o xy g e n v sa na e r obi c nota e r obi c ,f e r me nt a t i oni sa na e r obi cbe c a us ei tdoe snotus eo xy g e n Kr e b sc y c l e t a kep yr uv a t e( r e s ul tofgl y c ol y s i s )de s t r uc t i onofmol e c ul e s , br e a ks p yr u v a t et oj unk/f r a gme ntofmo l e c ul e s . Cl e a r i ngh ous e v se l e c t r ont r a ns por tc ha i n( ETC) c ons i s t sofpr ot e i nst ha ta r ee mbe dde di nt hei nn e r me mbr a neoft hemi t oc hondr i a

Che mi os mot i cc oupl i n g v sf e e dba c ki nhi bi t i on Ca t a l yt i c v sr e gul a t or y Al l os t e r i ce nz yme ot he rs i t e / l oc a t i on, t he r et of unc t i ona sas wi t c h, i ft her e gul a t or y s i t ei soc c upi e d, i ts wi t c he soff,f unc t i onf orf e e dbac ki nhi bi t i one ndpr odu c ti st hefina l pr oduc toft hee nt i r epa t hwa y , onl yont hefir s te nz yme . ATPi st hec ur r e nc y Al lme t abol i s m happe nsi nt hec yt opl as m( nott henuc l e us ) Al lc a r boh ydr a t e sa r ede fine db yar a t i oofc a r bont oh ydr o ge nt oo xy g e nof1: 2: 1 Pr oka r y ot e :pr i mi t i v e , nonuc l e us , ha v eDNA Euka r y ot e s :DNAi ns i denuc l e us Mi t oc hon dr i a( c a rba t t e r y)s t i l l ha st he i rDNAs odoc hl or opl a s t ATPs yn t he t a s ea c c ompl i s he sc he mi os mos i s , f r omhi ghc onc e nt r a t i ont ol o w c onc e nt r a t i on Ca t a bol i ci sbr e a ki n gs t uffdo wn( ha mme r )a na bol i ci sbui l di n gt hi ng sup Ch81511121 416 Chr omos ome t woc hr oma t i dsa t t a c he da tt hec e nt r ome r e v sc hr oma t i n v sc hr oma t i d t woe q ua lon ec hr omos ome( onepa r toft hex) v sc e nt r ome r e c e nt e rpa r toft hec hr oma t i di swhe r et hes pi ndl epa r ta t t a c he s( be l t ) G1 v sG2 v sspha s e s yn t he s i sofDNA, c o py i ngo fc hr omos ome s v smi t ot i cpha s e v si nt e r pha s e Mi t ot i cs pi ndl e s pi ndl efibe r sa r ema deofmi c r ot ubul e s v sc e nt r os ome v ski ne t oc hor e Homol o g ous Di pl oi d t wos e t sofc hr omos ome st oma keape r s on v shapl oi d ones e tofc hr omos ome s v sz y go t e whe ng a me t e sc ombi neaz y g ot ei sma de

Mi t os i s c ons i s t sof4ph a s e s ,t e l op ha s e( a l lc hr oma t i dse ndi ns e pa r a t ec e l l st ha ta r e i de nt i c a l ) , a na pha s e( c hr omos ome sbr e a ka pa r t ) , me t a pha s e( c hr omos ome smi gr a t et ot he c e nt e roft hec e l l ,me t a pha s epl a t e ) , pr opha s e( ) , c yt oki ne s i s( s pl i t t i n gofonec e l li nt o t wo)c a r dde c k v sme i os i s Game t e s s pe r ma nde gg , ha pl oi dc e l l sma des e pa r a t e l yb yg e nde r s Homol o gs v e r s i onsofc hr omos ome s Homol o gous Pl oi dme a nss e tofc hr omos ome s Mi c r ot ubu l e s t r i n gl i kea t t a c hme nt st ha ta t t a c hpo l et oc hr omos ome s Pa i r i n gofhomol og sonl yoc c ur si sme i os i snoti nmi t os i s...