Biochemistry Basics PDF

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Dr. Black: Covers "What is Biochemistry?", Biomolecules and Macromolecular Assemblies, Proteins, Lipids, Metabolic Pathways and Regulatory Functions...

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ASBAMB credited ** Nvolve 2.0 bioc club (EC) -----------------------------------------Pair (Via sayer and biochem.unl.edu) with faculty/staff WHO IS BIOCHEMISTRY? - George Beadle, single mutation, nobel, lead to human genome (8 years) - Structural, enzymatic, regulatory proteins based off amino acids - Metabolism is the backbone of bioc, making energy WHAT IS BIOCHEMISTRY? - The application of chemistry to the study of biological processes at the cellular and molecular level - Chemistry, physiology, and biology investigating the chemistry of living systems - Specialization of cells based on DNA/proteins WHY? - Medical: medicine, dentistry, pharmacy - Biotechnology: pharmaceutical, agribiotech, lab research ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------BIOMOLECULES AND MACROMOLECULAR ASSEMBLIES (9/18) QUIZ FOR 10/2!! Open from 10am-11:59pm (open notes, on canvas, 30 minute time limit) Four classes of biomolecules (molecules in living systems) - Sugars- Carbs/Starches - Fatty Acids- Fats and Oils/Complex Lipids - Amino Acids- Proteins - Nucleotides- DNA/RNA These are “monomeric” units of cells/tissues/more complex systems Levels 1-4: Monomeric→ Macromolecules (DNA or cellulose ex.) → Supramolecular complexes (Chromosomes and plasma membrane) → The cell and its organelles PROTEINS, NUCLEIC ACIDS, POLYSACCHARIDES AND LIPIDS - The most abundant biomolecules Carbohydrates: - Sugars - Monomer = (CH2O)n - Monosaccharides (glucose) - Oligosaccharides (Sucrose) - Polysaccharides (Glycogen, Cellulose, Starch) - Energy Storage and Structure Lipids: - Fats and Oils

- Monomer = CH2 - Oils- 3 Fatty Acids Attached to Glycerol (energy storage) - Cell Membranes- Phospholipid (structure) - (H-C-H)n w/ carboxyl group at the end - Can be saturated/unsaturated - Phospholipids/Glycolipids (hydrophilic/phobic parts- structure in membranes) Proteins: - Monomer = Amino Acid - Enzymes- Catalyze Metabolic Reactions - Transport Proteins- Move Metabolites Across Membranes - Structural Proteins - Amino Group+Carboxyl Group+R Group+H-C - Peptides= chains of amino acids - Linear Primary Structure (above), Helical (2D) Secondary Structure, Folded (3D) Tertiary Structure, Quaternary Structure (Higher Order Structure) subunits of proteins at varying levels, tangled together Nucleic Acids - Monomer: Nucleotide 1. Phosphate 2. Sugar (Ribose or Deoxyribose) 3. Nitrogenous Base (G, A, T, C (U in RNA)) ATP is an example of a Nucleotide - Molecules of Inheritance: Personalized Medicine/Treatment based on individual genomes (DNA/RNA) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Metabolic Networks/Pathways/Systems Molecular Machines: - Dyenin - Kinesin - Motor protein Metabolon: a set of enzymes coordinately working to create a product - Multi-enzyme complex - Linked molecular machines - Ex. part of TCA cycle associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane Linear Pathways: - Molecule A+ Enzyme 1 → B +2 → C+3→ etc. - Breakdown of glucose: glycolytic pathway, glucose to fructose Branching Pathways: - Molecule A can become any number of new products based on what enzyme/reaction it

undergoes: dependent on regulation/cell needs Circular Pathways: - Ex. Tricarboxylic Cycle (TCA): 8 systems, yields NADH, CO2, FADH etc. - There’s a cycle of reactions, that yields side products LINKED Pathways: - Combinations of any of the three above pathways, products, and enzymes Regulation of Pathways: - When a product isn’t needed in higher levels (after it reaches homeostasis) the cell regulates the enzyme function to slow/stop the production of said product in a number of ways - Product-based Allosteric regulation- the product could inactivate the enzyme that produces it, or speeds up alternative enzymes that are needed) - The closer the enzyme is to the beginning of the pathway, the more products it would stop - External Signals like hormones target enzymes - Changes in gene expression: making more of one enzyme and less of a different enzyme to control product creation Dysfunction in Metabolic Pathways: - Changes in gene expression (protein production, hormone imbalances) - Insulin resistance :))))))))))))))))))) - Changes in lipid/carb metabolism Cells, Tissues, Specialized Biochemistry (specialization) - Ex. Red blood cell- focuses on glycolysis metabolic pathway specifically; neurons; heart; cancer cells; liver cells...