BIOL1070 Ecology Quiz 2 PDF

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Quiz 2 WHAT THE COMMUNITY MEMBERS SAY... ● Dr. Doug Larson (Emeritus Professor, University of Guelph) ○ This represents the hope for biodiversity...this could alway be a doubling of the size of the Dairy Bush ● Gwyn Govers (Graduate Student, University of Waterloo) ○ We see (invasive species) like Garlic Mustard around the edges and the paths ● Martin Neuman (City of Guelph Manager of Forestry) ○ If there is no development here, where is it going to be? ● Gord Gavrilovic (University of Guelph Manager of Space and Facility Renewal) ○ The Campus Master Plan takes a 50 year view of how to preserve and enhance valued places on campus ● Chris Earley (University of Guelph Arboretum Interpretive Biologist + Education Coordinator ○ That’s going to make this wild space, in the city limits, an island DEVELOPMENT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH CAMPUS ● Plan describes the history of the Campus and provides guidelines for future development. The guiding/planning principles are Environmental quality; spatial structure and composition; project design; movement and associated systems; land use locations; and implementation ● Campus Master Plan takes a 50 year view of how to preserve and enhance valued places on campus and incorporate feedback and needs of communities all across campus ● Edge Effects - Quality of habitat between interior habitat and habitat closer to the edge ○ Abiotic Factors - Differential movement of solar radiation, temperature, humidity, moisture and wind between interior and edge habitat. ■ Edge habitats often become intermediate between the two adjacent habitats (between forest and field) ■ The forest edges become hotter and drier with solar radiation than the interior ○ Access - When resources are spatially separated and edge provides access to both resources ○ Species Interactions - Many Incidences of increased nest predation for birds nesting in edge habitats

MORE KEY CONCEPTS AND TERMS ● Population Growth - Change in number of individuals during some period of time ○ Calculated using demographic data ■ Pop. Growth rate = birth rate - death rate + immigration - emigration ○ Population size is expressed as ■ Pt2 = Pt1 + (B) - (D) + (I) - (E) ● Pt2 is the final population at the final time ● Pt1 is the original or starting population size ● B is the number of Births ● D is the number of Deaths ● I is the number of Immigrants ● E is the number of Emigrants ● Carrying Capacity - Number of individuals that can survive on the available resources within a given area ○ The carrying capacity for any landscape is not fixed as it can be altered by disturbances that deplete resources ○ Depletion of resources is often accompanied by a decrease in population size ○ Environment degradation decreases carrying capacity, leaving the environment no longer able to support the original number of individuals in the population that may have been sustained for many years ○ No population can live beyond the carrying capacity for very long ● Species Interactions - Different species that live in the same ecosystem/community interact in many different ways ○ Obligate - Must live with it’s partner species ○ Facultative - Can live without its partner species ○ Community Structure - Species and their abundance within a specific area, including different types of interactions

Mutualism, Competition, Predation/Parasitism, Commensalism, Amensalism, Neutralism ● Ecosystem Processes - Flow of energy and the cycling of material ○ Light energy is captured by plants through photosynthesis ○ Production of carbohydrates and other organic molecules are converted to heat energy by respiration ○ There must be a continuous source of solar energy because heat energy cannot be recycled ○ Elements (C, N, O, K, P) occur within ecosystems through a variety of processes such as mineralization or the breaking down of parent materials (rock) ○ Plants take these elements from the soil, water or even directly from the air

○ Animals consume plants as a source of elements or may directly consume elements from the environment through water or consuming mineral soil ■ A moose in northern Ontario will frequently visit a ‘mineral lick’ where it ingests minerals in the soil ■ Animals release minerals through excretion or decomposition ■ Elements are not lost from ecosystems, just continuously recycles

EXPLORING THE DAIRY BUSH ● Woodlot has been a part of the city and campus since 1873 ● Contains both naturally growing and planted species some are rare ● Common agricultural practice to maintain a small woodlot in order that cattle could congregate in the hot summer months ● Since 1975 the woodlot has become a living laboratory for ecology students ● Encroachment of human use is leading to degradation of the Dairy Bush WHO LIVES IN THESE WOODLOTS? ● North Campus Revine - Snail (Cepea Nemoralis) on a buckthorn lead. Introduced from Europe, bird in background is Red-eyed Vireo (Vireo Olivaceus) ● Dairy Bush - Colony of Ants (Lasius Claviger)

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Arboretum - Millipede (Diplopoda - Parajulidae) Brown’s Woods - Beetle (Carabus nemoralis) from Europe, Ant (Lasius sp.) Bloodroot - Sanguinaria canadensis, First to break through the snow each spring White Elm - Ulmus americana, used to be a dominant urban tree ○ Dutch Elm disease, caused by a fungus and spread by a beetle killed ¾ of the elm trees of North America between 1928-1989 ● Alternative Leaved Dogwood - Cornus alternifolia...