Biol162 exam 1 PDF

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BIOL162 exam 1 review...

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The forehead is ______ to the nose.! superior! The chin is ____ to the mouth! inferior!

The chest is _______ to the spine! anterior! tongue is ___________ to the teeth! posterior! belly button is ____________ to the hips! medial! nostrils are __________ to the nose tip! lateral! the elbow is _______ to the wrist! proximal! neck is _____________ to belly button! cranial! shoulders are ____________ to the head! caudal!

top of feet are __________ to the bottom! dorsal! the chest is _________ to the backbone! ventral! _________ is the expanded end! head! _________ is the long middle portion! shaft! _________ is a shallow depression! fossa! _________ is a groove that allows nerves to pass! sulcus! _________ is a socket for tooth! alveolus! _________ is a narrow ridge! crest! _________ is a narrow raised area! line!

_________ is a bony projection! process! _________ is a smooth rounded projection! condyle! _________ is a very large, rough looking process! trochanter! _________ is a narrow, sharp process! spine! _________ is a small rounded process! tubercle! _________ is a rough area where the muscle attaches! tuberosity! _________ is a round hole that allows nerves through! foramen! _________ is a tunnel! canal! _________ is a narrow slit! fissure!

_________ is a cavity inside! sinus! tissues:! groups of similar cells that work together to perform function! histology! study of tissues! pathology! how tissues are altered due to disease! epithelial tissue! high number of cells packed together!

squamous! flat! cuboidal! square shaped! columnar! rectangular! simple! single layer!

stratified! multiple layers! connective tissue! supports and protects! muscle tissue! movement! nervous tissue! transmit and process info in electrical signals! skeletal muscle! parallel rows good for contraction! exteroceptors! sense external stimuli!

interoceptors! transmit info concerning internal conditions! nociceptors! pain receptors! neuron!

single cell that specializes in communication via electrical impulses! cell body! contains nucleus and organelles! dendrites! receive information! axon! transmit information! axon hillock! connects cell body! axon terminals! converts electrical impulse to a chemical signal and passes information to the next cell in line! voltage! separation of charged particles! membrane potential! separate ions across a cell membrane!

current! flow of charge particles!

ion channels! allow ions to pass and flow to create a current! resistance! anything impeding flow! electrochemical gradient! driving force for ion flow produced by concentration gradient and electrical gradient! depolarization! any change in membrane voltage in the positive direction away from resting membrane voltage! hyperpolarization! any change in membrane voltage resulting in a voltage that is more negative than resting membrane voltage! chemically-gated ion channels! open to let ion flow! graded potential! changes in membrane potential due to neurotransmitters binding to chemically-gated channels! action potential!

large and rapid change in membrane voltage that occurs on the axon of a neuron! threshold voltage! always less than resting voltage! voltage-gated ion channels! open and close when a specific membrane voltage is reached! repolarization! positive charge leaves cell and the inside becomes negative again! propagate! spread in particular direction! sodium-potassium pump! return to a cell to rest following a change in membrane potential by pumping 3 NA outside and 2 potassium into cell! EEG! method for studying the electrical activity of the brain! alpha waves! relaxation! beta waves! concentration!

frequency! number of waves per second! amplitude! height of the wave! efferent neurons! transmit information! NMJ! synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle cell! ACh! neurotransmitter! all-or-none law! muscle cells with respond all or none regardless of stimulus strength! twitch! if the stimulus is above threshold! voltage-gated calcium channels! When an action potential arrives at the axon terminal of a motor neuron, these ion channels open!

exocytosis! Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material! synaptic cleft! extracellular space! endocytosis! motor neuron takes the ACh and recycle it via this! sliding filament theory of muscle contraction! protein-protein interactions that allow the thick and thin filaments to slide past one another! ringer's solution! isotonic salt solution! tubocurarine! block ACh gated NA channels on muscle cells and functions as a paralytic! olfactory! 1. smell - sensory! optic! 2. vision - sensory! oculomotor! 3. eye - motor!

trochlear! 4. eye - motor! trigeminal! 5. chewing - both! abducens! 6. eye - motor! facial! 7. facial expression - both! vestibulochlear! 8, hearing and balance - sensory! glossopharyngeal! 9. swallowing and gagging - both! vagus! 10. vitals/swallowing - both! accessory! 11. neck motor control - motor! hypoglossal! 12. tongue motor control - motor...