biology 2 campbell biology ch-52 community ecology. PDF

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biology 2 campbell biology ch-52 community ecology. Summary for Campbell biology chapter 54 for the entire chapter. Very useful....

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BIOLOGY - CAMPBELL 9E CH. 52 - AN INTRODUCTION TO ECOLOGY AND THE BIOSPHERE

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BIOLOGY - CAMPBELL 9E CH. 52 - AN INTRODUCTION TO ECOLOGY AND THE BIOSPHERE CONCEPT: ECOLOGY ● Ecology – study of organisms’ interactions with one another, and their environments □ Organism – individual living system - Organismal ecology - physical and behavioral adaptations of organisms to their environment □ Population – group of organisms of the same species living in the same area - Population ecology - abundance and distribution of organisms in a population over time □ Community – group of populations cohabiting an area - Community ecology - interactions between species □ Ecosystem – community of organisms and their environment - Flow of nutrients and energy through organisms and ecosystems EXAMPLE:

□ Landscapes are composed of interconnected ecosystems - Landscape ecology – exchange of energy and materials across ecosystems □ Biosphere – collection of all the ecosystems on Earth - Global ecology – biosphere, and often the human impact on the biosphere ● Conservation biology – effort to perverse and manage the Earth’s biodiversity ● Biogeography – study of the distribution of species and ecosystems over the geologic history of the Earth EXAMPLE:

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BIOLOGY - CAMPBELL 9E CH. 52 - AN INTRODUCTION TO ECOLOGY AND THE BIOSPHERE CONCEPT: ECOLOGY ● Biotic factors – living components of the environment, including interactions between organisms ● Abiotic factors – non-living parts of the environment, like water, air, and some parts of soil □ Abiotic factors include temperature, moisture, oxygen, sunlight, soil composition and salinity □ Abiotic factors influence an organism’s distribution and behaviors ● Interaction of biotic and abiotic factors determine the distribution of species on the planet EXAMPLE:

● Geologic changes affect the distribution of species □ Dispersal – movement from location of birth to breeding site □ Range – geographic distribution of a species □ Wallace line – biogeographical division between Asia and Australia ● Exotic species – non-native species to an area □ Invasive species – exotic species that spreads in a new environment, and competes with local flora and fauna EXAMPLE:

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BIOLOGY - CAMPBELL 9E CH. 52 - AN INTRODUCTION TO ECOLOGY AND THE BIOSPHERE CONCEPT: ECOLOGY ● Weather – short-term atmospheric conditions like temperature, sunlight, wind, and precipitation ● Climate – long-term weather patterns of an area □ Macroclimate – climate at the global, regional, and landscape level □ Microclimate – climate of a small area, that generally differs from the surrounding macroclimate □ Climograph – graphical representation of climate parameters EXAMPLE:

● Hadley cell – atmospheric circulation around the equator □ Air at the equator receives strong sunlight, causing it to hold more moisture and rise in the atmosphere □ Air cools as it rises, causing it to lose moisture as precipitation - Cooling air is pushed toward the poles - Cold air will increase in density and sink down in the atmosphere □ Rainfall distribution is much higher around the equator, and quite low in the peripheral areas EXAMPLE:

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BIOLOGY - CAMPBELL 9E CH. 52 - AN INTRODUCTION TO ECOLOGY AND THE BIOSPHERE CONCEPT: ECOLOGY ● Equator receives more sunlight, and therefore more energy, than other regions of the planet, making it warmer □ Sunlight strikes other parts of the planet at an angle, causing less energy to be absorbed per area □ Uneven distribution of sunlight accounts for the warm climate of the tropics and cold climates at the poles ● Seasons result from the tilt of Earth’s axis as it revolves around the sun □ Northern hemisphere is pointed toward the sun during summer, and leans away during winter EXAMPLE:!

● Ocean currents circulate the planet, and affect the climates of coastal regions □ Water has a high specific heat, allowing it to absorb and store large amounts of energy □ Oceans can warm and cool coastal areas depending on the relative temperatures of air and water EXAMPLE:

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BIOLOGY - CAMPBELL 9E CH. 52 - AN INTRODUCTION TO ECOLOGY AND THE BIOSPHERE CONCEPT: ECOLOGY ● Mountains affect local climates, creating barriers to air flow □ Rain shadow – areas that receive hot, dry air due to mountains blocking the movement of moist air - Air rising over a mountain cools, losing moisture to precipitation EXAMPLE:

● Global air currents have a major influence on climate patterns of the biosphere □ Wind patterns can also have a strong local effect because wind increases heat and water loss EXAMPLE:

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BIOLOGY - CAMPBELL 9E CH. 52 - AN INTRODUCTION TO ECOLOGY AND THE BIOSPHERE CONCEPT: ECOLOGY ● Biome – distinct formation of flora, fauna, and abiotic factors, found across different areas of the planet □ Different ecosystems may belong to the same biome □ Disturbance – temporary change in environment that results in a change in the ecosystem EXAMPLE:

● Biomass – total mass of organisms in a given area □ Aboveground biomass – total mass of living plants, excluding roots ● Net primary productivity (NPP) – rate that plants in ecosystem produce energy, minus energy consumed in respiration □ Often estimated using aboveground biomass EXAMPLE:

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BIOLOGY - CAMPBELL 9E CH. 52 - AN INTRODUCTION TO ECOLOGY AND THE BIOSPHERE CONCEPT: ECOLOGY ● Terrestrial biomes – biomes that share similar biotic and abiotic factors despite being found across geographic locations □ Temperature, moisture, sunlight, and wind and the major abiotic factors that determine a biome - Biomes are adapted to specific moisture and temperature ranges - Average temperature and precipitation, and annual variation in both influence the species present □ Ecotone – area of transition between biomes □ Canopy – aboveground portion of a plant community EXAMPLE:

● Tropical rain forest – equatorial, broadleaf, evergreen forests with lots of moisture, and rich species diversity □ Plants are vertically layered, with intense competition for light □ Little-to-no seasonal variation in temperature, but some variation in precipitation EXAMPLE:

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BIOLOGY - CAMPBELL 9E CH. 52 - AN INTRODUCTION TO ECOLOGY AND THE BIOSPHERE CONCEPT: ECOLOGY ● Desert – found around 30° latitude north and south in the interior of continents □ Temperature is highly variable, both seasonally and daily; rainfall is extremely low □ Low, scattered vegetation, with many bare patches of Earth □ Most organisms have water conservation adaptations EXAMPLE:!

● Savanna – occurs around the equator, rainfall is highly season, with a dry season that can last most of the year □ Many grasses, and small nonwoody plants, with scattered trees; most plants are fire and drought tolerant □ Commonly found in transition zones between forest and desert, or grassland EXAMPLE:

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BIOLOGY - CAMPBELL 9E CH. 52 - AN INTRODUCTION TO ECOLOGY AND THE BIOSPHERE CONCEPT: ECOLOGY ● Chaparral– scrubland found at midlatitude coastal regions, rain fall is highly seasonal, with regular fires EXAMPLE:

● Temperate grasslands – plains of grasses with dry winters and wet summers, includes Eurasian steppe and NA prairie □ Temperate zone – lies between tropics and polar regions, has moderate temperatures fluctuations EXAMPLE:

● Temperate broadleaf forests – mainly found in the northern hemisphere and dominated by deciduous trees □ Temperatures vary moderately with snow in the winter and hot summers; moderate precipitation year-round EXAMPLE:!

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BIOLOGY - CAMPBELL 9E CH. 52 - AN INTRODUCTION TO ECOLOGY AND THE BIOSPHERE CONCEPT: ECOLOGY ● Taiga (northern coniferous/boreal forests) – largest terrestrial biome that extends across North America and Eurasia □ Dominated by cold-tolerant and water loss-resistant conifers, as it can get very cold, and drought is common EXAMPLE:

● Arctic tundra – artic region of the norther hemisphere, with year-round cold temperatures, and low precipitation □ Permafrost – soil that remains frozen year-round EXAMPLE:

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BIOLOGY - CAMPBELL 9E CH. 52 - AN INTRODUCTION TO ECOLOGY AND THE BIOSPHERE CONCEPT: ECOLOGY ● Aquatic biomes – include freshwater and marine biomes, characterized mainly by salinity and light penetration ● Salinity – measure of dissolved solutes in a solution, has a profound effect on osmosis and water balance in organisms ● Water depth affects the type and availability of light, as well as pressure and temperature □ Photic zone – depth of water that receives sufficient light for photosynthesis □ Aphotic zone – portion of a body of water that receives little or no sunlight □ Abyssal zone – deep depths of ocean that receive no light, and remain in perpetual darkness EXAMPLE:!

● Turbidity – cloudiness of a fluid due to suspended particles ● Littoral zone – area of a body of water that is close enough to shore that sunlight penetrates through to the bottom ● Pelagic zone – water that is neither close to shore, nor the bottom, made up of both photic and aphotic zones ● Benthic zone – region at the lowest level of a body of water (seabed) including the sediment, and subsurface regions □ Benthos – organisms that live in the benthic zone □ Detritus – debris or waste, often dead organic matter, particularly abundant in the benthic zone EXAMPLE:

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BIOLOGY - CAMPBELL 9E CH. 52 - AN INTRODUCTION TO ECOLOGY AND THE BIOSPHERE CONCEPT: ECOLOGY ● Movement of water has a dramatic effect on organisms that live in it, as well as nutrient availability ● Plankton – small organisms floating in water, mainly diatoms, protozoans, and crustaceans ● Ocean upwelling – nutrient-rich water from the depths replaces surface water moving away from coasts ● Thermocline – distinct layer in a body of water in which temperature change is abrupt □ Tend to separate deeper colder waters from warmer surface layers EXAMPLE:

● Lake turnover – nutrient rich water from the bottom to moves up, and O2 rich water from the surface to moves down □ Occurs due to seasonal temperature changes that result in the mixing of water layers EXAMPLE:

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BIOLOGY - CAMPBELL 9E CH. 52 - AN INTRODUCTION TO ECOLOGY AND THE BIOSPHERE CONCEPT: ECOLOGY ● Lakes and ponds – standing bodies of water with variable salinity, oxygen, and nutrients □ Oligotrophic lakes – low primary productivity because of poor nutrient content, usually high oxygen concertation □ Eutrophic lakes – high primary productivity due to high nutrient availability, usually low oxygen levels □ Limnetic zone – well-lit open surface waters of a lake, away from the shore □ Floating and rooted plants can be found in the littoral zone EXAMPLE:!

● Wetlands – area of land saturated with water, either permanently or seasonally; include bogs, swamps, and marshes □ Have an incredible capacity to filter pollutants from water □ Emergent vegetation – plants grow above the surface of the water EXAMPLE:

● Streams and rivers – flowing water headed toward an ocean, lake, or other river □ Volume of water flow characterizes these biomes ● Estuaries – semi-enclosed body of brackish water that acts as a transition between rivers and sea EXAMPLE:

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BIOLOGY - CAMPBELL 9E CH. 52 - AN INTRODUCTION TO ECOLOGY AND THE BIOSPHERE CONCEPT: ECOLOGY ● Oceans – continuous body of salt water covering most of the planet □ Intertidal zone – littoral zone that covers the region between low and high tide □ Neritic zone – shallow ocean from the intertidal zone to the continental shelf □ Continental shelf – underwater landmass that extends from continents □ Oceanic pelagic zone – open ocean beyond the continental shelf □ Marine benthic zone – seafloor, aside from coastal areas it receives no sunlight EXAMPLE:!

● Coral reefs – incredibly diverse ecosystems generated from the calcium carbonate structures secreted by coral EXAMPLE:

● Deep sea hydrothermal vents – fissure that releases geothermally heated water, potentially the source of life on Earth EXAMPLE:

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