Biology Chapter 3 Organic Molecule PDF

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Its a combination of lecture notes and the text book notes. Great book summary and review for test....

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Biology for non-majors: Chapter 3 Organic Molecule  Chemistry can be divided into two major categories. o Organic Chemistry  the study of organic molecules  contains carbon and hydrogen  make up portions of cells tissues and organs o Inorganic Chemistry  Inorganic molecules  Does not contain carbon and hydrogen- combination Ex. Water (H2O) and Salt (NaCl)

o Biological Molecules or Simple Molecules diversity and functions of an organic molecule

o Isomers molecules with different structures, but the same combinations of atom o Hydrocarbons are highly versatile  Chains of carbon atoms also bonded with only to hydrogen atoms  Carbon chains could be quite long

Biology for non-majors: Chapter 3

The Carbon Shelton and Functional Groups Carbon chain of an organic molecule is call skeleton or the backbone  accounts for its shape  organic molecules is depended on the attach functional groups

Functional Groups o Functional Group a specific combination of bonded atoms that always have the same chemical properties and always reacts the same way regardless its carbon skeleton to which it is attached  Helps determine its chemical properties  R= is the reminder of the molecule, and indicates where the functional group attaches to the hydrocarbon chain Carboxyl (COOH)

Found Amino Acid and Fatty Acid Its polar and weakly acid

Phosphate

ATP and Amino Acid- DNA

Amino (NH2)

Amino Acids and Protein

 Hydrocarbons are largely hydrophobic  OH functional group are added (glucose) its hydrophilic

Biology for non-majors: Chapter 3 The Biological Molecules of Cells  Biological molecules are grouped into only four categories o Carbohydrates o Lipids o Protein o Nucleic acids

Carbohydrates  Use as an immediate energy source Ex. Bread, corn, potato, rice, pasta  Can exit either as saccharide (sugar) monomers or as polymers of saccharides common monomer for polymers Refers as: Monosaccharide: single sugar molecule- simple sugar Disaccharide: two bonded sugar molecule Polysaccharide: sugar molecules bonded together  Photosynthetic organisms: plants and bacteria- using for energy, sun

Ribosome and Deoxyribose  Contains 5 carbon atoms  Found in nuclei acids like RNA and DNA  Disaccharides it contains two monosaccharides o Link together by dehydration synthesis reactions

Biology for non-majors: Chapter 3 o

Common disaccharides are maltose, sucrose, and lactose

Maltose  Contains two glucose subunits Ex. The production of beer, yeast, breaks the maltose o Use the glucose as energy, a process call fermentation o Waste products of his reaction is called ethyl reaction

Sucrose  Its disaccharide  Use it as a sweetener – sugar cane, sugar beets  Our body digest it two monomers, fructose and glucose o Fructose is change to glucose- energy  If our body does not need to use energy it turns (metabolized) glucose into fat

Lactose  Its disaccharide usually found in milk  Its glucose combine with galactose molecule, molecule  Does who are lactose intolerance can not break disaccharide lactose o Disaccharides are move to intestinal tract undigested- creates stomach pain, gas, diarrhea, bloating o Normal intestinal digestive bacteria use it as energy

Biology for non-majors: Chapter 3

Polysaccharide  Polymers that are monosaccharides -glucose  Some functions are short- term energy source that it is stored o They are larger than monosaccharides and usually insoluble  Can not pass plasma membrane so its kept as storage within the cell Ex. Starch are found in plants and bacteria- does not spiral or does have branches  Held by hydrogen bonding to form microfibrils- gives strength Chitin  Polymer for glucose molecules  Glucose have subunits groups of amino (NH2) attach to it  Found in animals and fungi  Its not digestible you humans but it has many good uses Lipids  There are hydrophobic and insoluble in water Ex. Oil and water, fats and oils  No polar to hydrocarbon chains, lacks hydrophilic functions

Biology for non-majors: Chapter 3  Ats are use for long-term energy storage o Fats and oil contains glycerol- soluble to water and fatty acid- long chains bonded to carbon atoms only to hydrogen  Fatty acids are either saturated or unsaturated o Saturated- has double bond contains carbon chain when hydrogens are less than two carbon atoms o Determines the its chemical and physical properties. Phospholipid  Phosphate functional group  Its hydrophilic (polar) and hydrophobic (non-polar) o They tend to arrange from polar interacting with the outside of the environment and the non-polar inward away from the environment- a bilayer Steroids  They are lipids- carbon skeleton made of four fuse rings  Cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone does not contain fatty acids  Insoluble in water Protein  The importance and the structure proteins

Biology for non-majors: Chapter 3 o Support same proteins are structural proteins  Metabolism: many proteins are enzyme – bring reactions together which they react as catalyst speeds up chemical reaction of a cell  Transport Chanel: allows substances to come in and out of cell  Defense: some proteins and anti  Regulation of harmonies and regulatory proteins Amino acids  Monomers of proteins  Carbon skeleton

Peptides  Two amino acids are join together by dehydration synthesis  Share unevenly because oxygen is more electromagnetics than nitrogen Polypeptide  Many amino acids joined by the peptides bonds  Complex shape o Protein sequence is called primary structure- many different proteins can result of variety number and sequence in amino acids

Biology for non-majors: Chapter 3 o Secondary structure-portion of amino acids chain takes and orientation of space o Tertiary structure-folding and twisting the secondary structure o Quaternary structure- contains more than one polypeptide chain hemoglobin and insulin Nucleus Acids  DNA – genetic information is stored  RNA- transcribe and translating DNA into protein o Detected in nucleus, polymer, the monomer is nucleotide  ATP energy- metabolic function, important cell...