BIos 101 Lab Report 1 PDF

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Lab Report 1: Demography

Introduction: Demography is way to study humans’ populations and it studies the size, composition and distribution of a population and vital statistics. In this experiment for demography the experiment being used here to record the dates of birth and death from a local cemetery of gravestones. These data that are collected then can be used for death rates and draw survivorship curves to see what the population was like in past times. The term survivorship curves which identify when mortality is low, steady, and high. There are three types of survivorship curve that tell the mortality rate, and these are type 1, type 2, and type 3. Another term to understand is life table because this will keep track of how a long different population have lived and better understanding how an individual probability of survival at any given time interval. (Molumby, A., & Murray, D. (2018)) Once the life table is completed and fill out it can be used to create

survivorship curve. Since birth and death come everyday we can see the changes in the life-styles of citizens on it reflects in their age at death. To study human demography a great place to look at would be a cemetery because they tell all kinds of ages that come from 100 years ago. That most gravestones are written with date of birth and date of death of a person who has passed away. By comparing different survivorship curves from other time periods that it can lead to a trend in demography over that time and see survivorship of that population. Not every cemetery would have the same morality rate because it may represent the different socio economic of the population and if compared the data between cemeteries it could lead to different patterns of the mortality rate.

The purpose of this cemetery observational science study was to see the population was like back 100 years ago and how people it may look for historical trends in demography over a period. Methods: Location: Maryhill Catholic Cemetery, Niles, IL. This Study was conducted in Maryhill Catholic Cemetery and data was collected this cemetery. The information that was need from this cemetery was minimum of 50 tombstones, where the person was born 1870 and 1930 and record their birth and death dates. To find the date of the birth and deaths it was record on the tombstones of each person that was buried there. To pick between those dates, it was randomly chosen from an area of Maryhill Catholic Cemetery. After the all the data was written down it calculated for the age of death for all 50 individuals. By using the age of death, it was able to create a survivorship curve and a life time table. Results:

Born 1870-1930 Maryhill Cemetary 60 50

L(X)

40 30

Born 1870-1930

20 10 0

0

20

40

60

X (Age)

Life Table

80

100

120

This life table of Maryhill Cemetery of the 50 individuals and their morality rate from age between 0 through 100 or more. As it can be seen all the 50 individuals have died and no one is left surviving because of old age. Age (X) 0-9 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 90-99 100+

Histogram

Death D(X) 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 15 22 11 0

Alive S(X) 50 50 50 50 49 49 48 33 11 0 0

Survivorship L(X) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 .98 .98 .96 .66 .22 0 0

Discussion: As seen from the results from Maryhill Cemetery people from that population that were born between 1870-1930 was a type I survivorship curve graph. This show that the population in this community had most individuals live to adulthood with most mortality occurring during the old age. This is excepted for humans since their lifespan is 79 years. That data shows that most people died around the ages 70-90. It shown that these individuals survived in their old age and the reason for that might be is because of how technology and medicine evolved over time for them reach that old age. Even though that these people were born around 1870-1930 some have experienced both world wars and even disease outbreak during these times and stilled managed to live to older age. In the textbook of Biological Science there is a life table on female Lacerta Vivipara also know as the Eurasian Lizard in Netherlands. Humana and Lacerta Vivipara are totally two different creatures and its Survivorship curve is a type II showing that it has a low survivorship at a young and higher at old age. The lifespan of a lizard can be around 4 to 6 years. (Viviparous lizard) That old age has higher survivorship for lizards and for human old age is lower because

the lifespan has passed for human and get older and weak as they age. In the date for Lacerta Vivipara shows that when these lizards are older they produce more offspring’s than younger Lacerta Vivipara. This can be seen on table 51.1. We can’t see this for the local cemetery of Maryhill because it did include any of the genders and plus it was mixed. The article about demography of one horned rhinoceros in Nepal shows that it is like human survivorship curve. In this study show the mortality rate of one horned rhinoceros that they have type 1 curve that they have higher survival chance at young age and lower chance at old age. The reason this can be that one Horned rhinoceros can die at old age, but also looking at cause of mortality the most cause of death is poaching and right behind it is old age. This is saying that poacher might not kill off the younger rhinoceros but kill the older rhinoceros since they are older and are near their lifespan. Main reason poaching is done is because of selling body parts rhinoceros’ part like their horn for-heft amount of money and one reason why their death in poacher is the leading cause. (Naresh, S. (2003)) In all three of these survivorship curves shows the mortality rate and what type curve. If a species has longer lifespan then it will probably live longer till it’s old age and decent population. These can be seen between the humans from the cemetery and rhinoceros from Nepal. As a final point it shows there are many outcomes on how survivorship curve for mortality can turn out because of the cause of the death but looking at the treads for humans and rhinoceros shows that species with longer lifespan be live longer to old age and species with short lifespan have low chance of surviving at a younger age. To better understand this topic, it would be better to record the cause of death for all the species then we can see why the mortality rate the way it is.

Citations Molumby, A., & Murray, D. (2018). Adventurs in populations and communities(X ed., Vol. 1, Ser. 2018). Champaign, IL: Stipes publishing. Pg. (101-129)

Naresh, S. (2003). Chapter 4. Size and Sexual Dimorphism in Greater One-Horned Rhinoceros. Demography and Viability of the Largest Population of Greater One-horned Rhinoceros in Nepal. doi:10.7312/dine08450-006 Freeman, S. (2016). Biological science, global edition. Place of publication not identified: Pearson Education Limited. Pg. (1117-1120) Human. (2018, September 26). Retrieved October 5, 2018, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human Viviparous lizard. (2018, June 18). Retrieved October 5, 2018, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viviparous_lizard...