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SELECTED TEST QUESTIONS Biological Basic Knowledge I.

Chapter 1: Behavioural Neuroscience: Scope and Outlook 1. Contact points between the neurons are called synapses. 2. Behavioral neuroscience spans several scientific disciplines. 3. Darwin’s theory of evolution through natural selection gave rise to two approaches to experimentation, one which emphasizes differences among species. 4. Researchers have noted that young rodents develop a capacity to learn before they develop a capacity to form long-term memories. This implies that learning and memory involve different processes. 5. Which question does the mechanism perspective in biological psychology address? What psychological changes in the brain encode memories? 6. Which question is an example of the comparative/evolutionary perspective in behavioral neuroscience? To what extent can different species see colour? 7. Which question derives from the functional description of behaviour?  How do specialized patterns of behaviour contribute to mating and to care for offspring? 8. The process by which an individual change over the lifespan is called ontogeny. 9. Which statement represents a structural description of behaviour? When an animal learns, the number and morphology of neuron connections change in specific brain regions. 10. Which of the following is an example of a behavioral intervention study?  Observations of patterns of brain activity in animals trained in maze.

11. Which of the following is an example of somatic intervention study?  Observations of the effects of giving a drug to some rats but not to others. 12. A factor manipulated by an experimenter is called a dependent variable. 13. The behavioral neuroscience perspective on social behaviour is particularly concerned with learning and memory. 14. Young rats that have been raised in isolation, rather than in the company of other rats, aften exhibit a decrease in the size of an odor processing structure. 15. Winning a game of chess is likely to cause a man’s testosterone levels to increase. 16. Which statement is an example of neuroplasticity ?  All of the above. 17. Which statement about the use of multiple levels of analysis in research is false?  A single nerve cell is the most basic unit of analysis in behavioral neuroscience. 18. Which statement represents the most reductionist explanation of an observed phenomenon?  Each neurotransmitter released by neurons must bind to a specific receptor protein. 19. In humans, about how much of the brain is used during routine, day-to-day activities? 100% 20. A researcher can determine how much of the brain is used for even the simplest task by looking at brain activity in brain scans. 21. Brain scans show that different language tasks activate different brain areas. 22. At this time, the proportion of the world’s population suffering from neurologic and/or psychiatric disorders is about 20%. 23. Studies of identical twins in which one twin has schizophrenia have revealed a relationship between schizophrenia and enlargement of the cerebral ventricles.

24. Each year, the direct and indirect costs of psychiatric and neurological disorders in the United States amount to about 400 billion usd. 25. Which of the following neurological disorders are the least prevalent in the United States? Huntington’s and Parkinson’s diseases 26. Which statement about health disorders is true?  The cost of treating dementia is greater than the cost of threating hearth disease and cancer combined. 27. Which statement about animal research is false?  Most Americans believe that animals should not be used for research. 28. Aristotle thought that the brain’ major function was to cool the blood. 29. In studying brain-damaged patients exhibiting language difficulties, Paul Broca discovered that a particular region in the left frontal part of the brain appears to be especially important. 30. The beginning of modern behavioral neuroscience are attributed to the work of William James, who proposed that cognitive processes are properties of the nervous system. 31. The first measurements of learning and memory in humans were carried out by Hermann Ebbinghaus. 32. The conception of dualism was proposed by Francis Galton. 33. When Sir Francis Galton invented the correlation coefficient, he looked at the relationship between head size and estimates of intelligence. 34. Consciousness can be defined as a state of awareness of one’s own existence and experience. 35. Which statement is supported by phrenology?  There is some localization of function in the brain. 36. The five viewpoints of biological psychology are description, evolution, development, mechanism, and application. 37. The most commonly used experimental approach in behavioral neuroscience is somatic intervention.

38. A feature of neurons that is particularly plastic is the dendritic/synaptic spine. 39. Young rats raised in isolation show changes in brain associated with the processing of odors. 40. In a recent experiment, subjects who believed they would experience discomfort in response to a stimulus exhibited increased activation of the anterior cingulate compared to subjects who believed they would experience minimal discomfort even though the stimulus (warm water) was identical in both groups. 41. The scientific approach known as reductionism involves analysis at a simpler or more basic level of organization than the structure or function to be explained. 42. The 3 most prevalent neurological disorders are Alzheimer’s disease, stroke and epilepsy. 43. The 3 most prevalent psychiatric disorders are related to mood, anxiety and impulse control (or attitude deficit). 44. A major goal of behavioral neuroscience is to improve the health and wellbeing of humans and other animals. 45. Researchers have a responsibility to minimize the discomfort/pain of their animal subjects. 46. The Greek physician Herophilus noted that separate spinal nerves connect to each region of the body. 47. Descartes believed, incorrectly, that only the brains of humans contain a pineal gland. 48. Broca described a region located in the anterior part of the left hemisphere that is especially important for language functions. 49. Many modern neuroscientists are interested in the idea of Hebbian synapses, which may change in strengths through use. 50. Karl Lashley was engaged in a program of research that has been called “search for the engram”.

51. There is a small, but significant correlation between brain size and IQ in humans. 52. The Human Brain Project aims to produce a digital re-creation of the human brain. 53. Which question reflects a comparative/evolutionary perspective?  How hormones involved in mating in different species of mammals? 54. Certain classes of hormones modulate sexual behaviour in many different species of vertebrates. This phenomenon is evidence of the evolutionary continuity of species. 55. The term “somatic intervention” refers to research procedures that altere the structure or function of the body. 56. An experiment in which an animal’s brain activity is mapped following exposure to a particular visual stimulus is an example of a behavioral intervention. 57. Which procedure would be part of a correlation study?  Measuring the extent of brain abnormalities in people with schizophrenia. 58. The ability of the brain to be changed by environmentally inputs throughout the life span is called plasticity. 59. Dendritic spines can change shape in the course of seconds. 60. Scientific explanations usually involve analysis on a simpler or more basic level of organization than that of the structure or function to be explained. This approach is known as reductionism. 61. Which statement is false?

 People use their entire brains to do mundane tasks  There are no differences between the brains of heterosexual and homosexual men.  Some people who have experienced certain kinds of brain damage are incapable of judging the emotions of other people.

 Sometimes brain damage causes a person to lose the ability to recognize other people’s faces. 62. Out of the people in the United States with a psychiatric disorder, 25% will have more than one such disordering their lifetime. 63. Which neurological disorder has the highest prevalence in the United States?  stroke 64. About 7% of the animals used in research are not lab-reared rodents. 65. Galen’s views about the bodily origins of behaviour were based on his observations of the effects of head injuries in gladiators. 66. The notion of dualism as proposed by Descartes stated that humans have a nonmaterial soul and a material body that are not the same. 67. Personal awareness of one’s own emotions, thoughts, movements, and experiences is called consciousness.

Chapter 2: Functional neuroanatomy: The Nervous System and Behaviour

1. Synaptic vesicles are found in the synaptic boutons. 2. Which neuron can collect the most information?  multipolar neurons 3. The major function of Schwann cells is the myelination of peripheral nerve fibres. 4. During multiple sclerosis, myelin in the brain is lost. Which cell would most likely to be trying to replace lost myelin in the brain?  Oligodendrocytes 5. The size range of most neuronal cell bodies is 10-100 m. 6. Which histological technique is used for tract tracing?  horseradish peroxidase stain 7. The human brain contains 100-150 billion neurons.

8. The neuron doctrine was confirmed using electron microscopy, proposed the exitance of synaptic contacts between neurons, stemmed from the work of the great neuroanatomist, Ramón y Cajal. All of the above. 9. The gap between segments of myelin are known as nodes of Ranvier. 10.A collection of cell bodies in the nervous system is known as a nucleus. 11.The range of diameters of mammalian axons is 0.5-20 m. 12.The width of the synaptic cleft is about 20 nm. 13.In which ways are the dendrites and axons similar? Both are characterised by branching. 14.The “giant” axons of some invertebrate animals can have diameters as large as 500 m. 15.Dendrites are the input zone of a nerve cell. 16.Some neurons lack which component?  myelin 17.Which statement does not describe a reason that tract-tracing have been difficult to perform?  All of the above are reasons for the difficulty. 18.Synaptic boutons are swellings found at the axon terminal. 19.Which type of cell gives rise to brain tumors?  glial cells 20.The “slow” rate of axonal transport is less than 8 mm/day. 21.Which statement about dendritic spines is true?  Dendritic spines are outgrowths on the surface of dendrites that are modified by experience. 22.Which glia cells have sucker-like extensions that contact blood vessels?  astrocytes 23.Most neurons are classified as interneurons. 24.The electrical impulse that stimulates neurotransmitter release, thereby transmitting information to other neurons, arise in the axon hillock. 25.Which statement about dendrites is false?  Dendrites may be several meters in length in giraffes.

26.Which three cranial nerves are involved in the control of eye movements?  abducens, oculomotor, vagus 27.The pons is part of the metencephalon. 28.How many pairs of spinal nerves do humans have ?  31 29.The lest and right portions of the body are divided by the sagittal plane. 30.Which cranial nerve carries both motor and sensory information?  Facial 31.The four major lobes of the cerebral cortex are named for the skull bones lying over them. 32.In which plane of section would it be easiest to see the corpus callosum?  sagittal cut directly down the midline. 33.The brainstem contains which structure?  medulla 34.The preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are found in the spinal cord. 35.Which response is a consequence of sympathetic activation?  increased heart rate 36.The ridges of tissue on the convoluted surface of the cortex are called gyri. 37.How much of the surface of the is hidden within the convolutions of the brain?  66% 38.Which region of the cortex I is crucial for motor control?  precentral gyrus 39.How many distinct layers are observed in the human neocortex?  6 40.Parallel fibers are a feature of the cerebellum. 41.The structure of the limbic system is particularly implicated in emotion and learning. 42.Which statement about allocortex is true ?  it can have an unlayered organization. 43.Which structure contains the reticular formation ?  metencephalon 44.Two important motor nuclei, the substantia nigra and the red nucleus, are contained within the midbrain.

45.In the cerebral cortex, layer 5 is especially noticeable because it may larger cell bodies. 46.Which structures are part of the basal ganglia?  globus pallidus, substantia nigra, putamen. 47.Purkinje cells are located in the cerebellum. 48.A person who has suffered a stroke that affects the base of the anterior cerebral artery will likely have reduced blood flow to the medial frontal and parietal lobes. 49.The specialized vascular tissue that produces the cerebrospinal fluid is called the choroid plexus. 50.Which arteries provides blood to the brain?  basial artery, carotid artery and vertebral artery 51.The ventricular system contains cerebrospinal fluid. 52.The anterior and middle cerebral arteries branch from the internal carotid artery. 53.Which statement about blood-brain barrier is true?  It is a property of the endothelia cells of the walls of the brain capillaries that prevents large molecules from entering the brain. 54.The basilar artery of the brain is formed by the fusion of the vertebral arteries. 55.The physiological activity of the brain can be visualized using PET. 56.Which imaging technique is not used for studies of the structural details of the brain?  fMRI scan. 57.Which imaging technology could provide a physician with a very high resolution image of the thalamus?  MRI 58. Which techniques does not provide information about the activity level of the brain regions?  CT 59.Which statement is true of conventional fMRI ?  subjects must lie completely motionless

60.A dyadic fMRI could be used to simultaneously examine how two people respond to the same stimulus. 61. The two major cell types that make up the nervous system are glia cells and neurons. 62.Substances are conveyed from the cell body of the neuron to the distant reaches of the axon through the process of axonal transport. 63.Axon terminals from the presynaptic side of a synapse, and dendrites from the postsynaptic side of a synapse. 64.Almost all incoming sensory information passes through the thalamus, which sends the information on to the overlying cortex. 65.Although nerve cells typically have only one axon, it may divide numerous axon collaterals. 66.Fibers that carry information away from the brain are called efferents, whereas fibers that carry information toward the brain are called afferents. 67.The major divisions of the spinal cord are, cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral. 68.The hypothalamus is located VENTRAL to the thalamus. 69.The CENTRAL sulcus divides the frontal lobe form the parietal lobe. 70.Eye muscles are controlled by cranial nerves III. - OCULOMOTOR, IV. – TROCHLEAR, and VI. – ABDUCENS. 71.The three main components of the peripheral nervous system are the CARNIAL nerves, the SPINAL nerves and the AUTONOMIC nervous system. 72.The dorsal root ganglia contain cell bodies of processes carrying SENSORY information. 73.The main parts of the basal ganglia are the GLOBUS PALLIDUS, caudate, and PUTAMEN. 74.The FORNIX and HIPPOCAMPUS are two major parts of the limbic system that form arcs under the surface of the cerebral hemispheres. 75.Almost all hormone secretion is under the control of the PITUITARY GLAND, which is in turn controlled by the HYPOTHALAMUS.

76.Within the midbrain, the INFERIOR COLLICULI receive auditory (sound) information. 77.The most prominent type of neuron of the cerebral cortex-the pyramidal neuron-features an APICAL DENDRITE that extends towards the outer surface of the cortex, and BASILAR dendrites that spread out horizontally from the cell body. 78.The major compartments of the ventricular system are the LATERAL VENTRICLES, the THIRD VENTRICLE, and the FOURTH VENTRICLE. 79.MRI makes use of RADIO waves and MAGNETIC fields to form images of the living brain. 80.In DYADIC fMRI, the brains of two interacting individuals are simultaneously imagined. 81.The neuron doctrine states that the neurons are contiguous with one another. 82.Which neuroanatomical method provides an outline of entire neurons all of the cell’s process (axons and dendrites)?  Golgi stain 83.The most common type of neuron in vertebrates is the multipolar neuron. 84.Which of the following is not a type of glia cell?  Astrocyte  Oligodendrocyte  Schwann cell  Stellate cell 85.Which statement about glia cell is false?  They regulate the chemical content of the extracellular space surrounding neurons.  Some types of glia are responsible for myelinating axons.  There are fewer glia than neurons in the CNS.  They are important for providing structural support for neurons.

86.Which type of cell is responsible for myelination within the central nervous system?  Oligodendrocytes 87.The ventral roots of the spinal cord carry motor information to muscles. 88.The two cerebral hemispheres are connected by the corpus callosum. 89.The temporal lobe is separated from the frontal and parietal lobes by the Sylvian fissure. 90.The basal ganglia are particularly implicated in motor control. 91.Which structure is not part of the limbic system?  Hippocampus 

Fornix

 Putamen 

Mammillary body

92.Which structure(s) is(are) specialized for motor control?  Caudate nucleus  Hippocampus  Septal nuclei  All of the above 93.The superior colliculus is located within the midbrain. 94.The brain and spinal cord are wrapped in protective membranes known collectively as the meninges. 95.Which technique could be used to influence behavior?  TMS

Chapter 3: Neurophysiology The generation, transmission, and integration of neural signals

1. In general, the action potential is first initiated at the axon hillock.

2. Metabotropic receptors are associated with slow synapses. 3. The substance tetrodotoxin (TTX), found in the ovaries of pufferfish, is useful for studying the ionic mechanisms of the neurone because it selectively blocks sodium channels. 4. The overall amplitude of the action potential is about 100 mV. 5. The sodium-potassium pump is responsible for pushing 3 sodium ions out of the cell for every 2 potassium ions pumped in. 6. Myelin increases the speed od conduction because it resists the flow of current across the membrane. 7. The equilibrium potential for sodium is about +40 mV. 8. Ion channels are made of protein. 9. The giant axons of some invertebrates conduct action potential at speeds in to 20 m/s. 10.The giant axon of squids have been used in neurophysiological research because attain diameters of 0.5 mm. 11.The largest diameter myelinated axons in mammals conduct action potential at 150 m/s. 12.Ions are atoms or molecules that carry an electrical charge due to the gain or loss of electrons. 13.Much of the energy that brain expends is used for maintaining ionic gradients. 14.When hyperpolarizing or depolarizing electrical stimulation is applied to the cell membrane of a neuron, the resulting change in the membrane potential has a slightly different “shape” from that of the stimulus. This is due to capacitance of the cell membrane. 15.Action potentials are generally not propagated along dendrites because they have voltage-gated ion channels. 16.An afterpotential is a brief hyperpolarization that follows an action potential (undershoot).

17.Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials differ from excitatory postsynaptic potentials most significantly in their direction of membrane polarization. 18.Most IPSPs are attributable to the opening of the chloride channels. 19.At chemical synapses, most of the synaptic delay-the time between the arrival of a presynaptic action potential and the appearance of a postsynaptic ESPS or IPSP-is not attributable to the interaction of the transmitter with its receptors. 20.The synapti...