Book solution economics n gregory mankiw mark p taylor all problems en applications PDF

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Problems and Applications a. A family deciding whether to buy a new car faces a trade-off between the cost of the car and other things they might want to buy. For example, buying the car might mean they must give up going on vacation for the next two years. So the real cost of the car is the family'...

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Problems and Applications 1.

a.

A family deciding whether to buy a new car faces a trade-off between the cost of the car and other things they might want to buy. For example, buying the car might mean they must give up going on vacation for the next two years. So the real cost of the car is the family's opportunity cost in terms of what they must give up.

b.

For a member of the government deciding whether to increase spending on a new national football stadium, the trade-off is between the stadium and other spending items or tax cuts. If money is spent on the stadium, that may mean less spending on national defence or on the police force. Or, instead of spending more money on the stadium, taxes could be reduced.

c.

When a company chief executive decides whether to open a new factory, the decision is based on whether the new factory will increase the firm's profits compared to other alternatives. For example, the company could upgrade existing equipment or expand existing factories. The crucial question is: which method of expanding production will increase profit the most?

d.

In deciding how much to prepare for a lecture, a lecturer faces a trade-off between the value of improving the quality of the lecture compared to other things she could do with her time, such as working on additional research.

2.

When the benefits of something are psychological, such as going on a vacation, it isn't easy to compare benefits to costs to determine if it's worth doing. But there are two ways to think about the benefits. One is to compare the vacation with what you would do in its place. If you didn't go on vacation, would you buy something like a new set of golf clubs? Then you can decide if you'd rather have the new clubs or the vacation. A second way is to think about how much work you had to do to earn the money to pay for the vacation; then you can decide if the psychological benefits of the vacation were worth the psychological cost of working.

3.

If you are thinking of going to the football match instead of working at your part-time job, the cost of attending the game includes its monetary and time costs, which includes the opportunity cost of the wages you are giving up by not working. If the choice is between going to the match and going to the library to study, then the cost of watching the match is its monetary and time costs, including the cost to you of getting a lower grade in your course.

4.

If you spend €1,000 now instead of saving it for a year and earning 5 percent interest, you are giving up the opportunity to spend €1,050 a year from now. The idea that money has a time value is the basis for the field of finance, the subfield of economics that has to do with prices of financial instruments like stocks and bonds.

5.

The fact that you've already sunk €5 million isn't relevant to your decision anymore, since that money is gone. What matters now is the chance to earn profits at the margin. If you spend another €1 million and can generate sales of €3 million, you'll earn €2 million in marginal profit, so you should do so. You are right to think that the project has lost a total of €3 million (it’s going to generate €6 million in costs and only €3 million in revenue) and you shouldn't have started it. That's true, but if you don't spend the additional €1 million, you won't have any sales and your losses will be €5 million. So what matters is not the total profit, but the profit you can earn at the margin. In fact, you'd pay up to €3 million to complete development; any more than that, and you won't be increasing profit at the margin.

6.

The first witch suggests looking at whether productivity would rise or fall. Productivity is certainly important, since the more productive workers are, the lower the cost per gallon of potion. The second witch wants to look at average cost. But both are missing the other side of the equation⎯revenue. A firm wants to maximize its profits, so it needs to examine both costs and revenues. So the third witch is right⎯it’s best to examine whether the extra revenue would exceed the extra costs. The third witch is the only one who is thinking at the margin.

14  Chapter 1/Ten Principles of Economics

7.

8.

a.

The provision of social security benefits lowers an individual’s incentive to save for retirement. The benefits provide some level of income to the individual when he or she retires. This means that the individual is not entirely dependent on savings to support consumption through the years in retirement.

b.

A person gets less social security benefits the greater are his or her earnings. So there is an incentive not to work (or not work as much) after age 65. The more you work, the lower your social security benefits will be. Thus the reduction of social security benefits discourages work effort after age 65.

By specializing in each task, you and your flat-mate can finish the chores more quickly. If you divided each task equally, it would take you more time to cook than it would take your roommate, and it would take him more time to clean than it would take you. By specializing, you reduce the total time spent on chores. Similarly, countries can specialize and trade, making both better off. For example, suppose it takes Spanish workers less time to make clothes than French workers, and French workers can make wine more efficiently than Spanish workers. Then Spain and France can both benefit if Spanish workers produce all the clothes and French workers produce all the wine, and they exchange some wine for some clothes.

9.

10.

a.

Being a central planner is tough! To produce the right number of DVDs by the right artists and deliver them to the right people requires an enormous amount of information. You need to know about production techniques and costs in the DVD industry. You need to know each person's musical tastes and which artists they want to hear. If you make the wrong decisions, you'll be producing too many DVDs by artists that people don't want to hear, and not enough by others.

b.

Your decisions about how many DVDs to produce carry over to other decisions. You have to make the right number of DVD players for people to use. If you make too many DVDs and not enough cassette tapes, people with cassette players will be stuck with DVDs they can't play. The probability of making mistakes is very high. You will also be faced with tough choices about the music industry compared to other parts of the economy. If you produce more sports equipment, you'll have fewer resources for making DVDs. So all decisions about the economy influence your decisions about DVD production.

a.

Efficiency. The market failure comes from the monopoly power of water companies.

b.

Efficiency. The market failure comes from the monopoly power of electricity companies. (Though there nay be competition between electricity generating companies, there is much less likelihood of competition between electricity transmission and supply companies.)

c.

Equity.

d.

Efficiency. An externality arises because second-hand smoke harms non-smokers.

e.

Equity.

f.

Efficiency: There is an externality because of accidents caused by drivers driving under the influence of alcohol. Economics, 2nd edition N. Gregory Mankiw and Mark P. Taylor ISBN 978-1-84480-870-0 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA

Chapter 1/Ten Principles of Economics  15

11.

a.

b.

If everyone were guaranteed the best health care possible, much more of society’s resources would be devoted to providing health care than is now the case. Would that be efficient? If you think that currently doctors form a monopoly and restrict health care to keep their incomes high, you might think efficiency would increase by providing more health care. But more likely, if the government mandated increased spending on health care, the economy would be less efficient because it would give people more health care than they would choose to pay for. From the point of view of equity, if poor people are less likely to have adequate health care, providing more health care would represent an improvement. Each person would have a more even slice of the economic pie, though the pie would consist of more health care and less of other goods. When workers are laid off, equity considerations argue for the unemployment benefits system to provide them with some income until they can find new jobs. After all, no one plans to be laid off, so unemployment benefits are a form of insurance. But there’s an efficiency problem⎯why work if you can get income for doing nothing? The economy isn’t operating efficiently if people remain unemployed for a long time, and unemployment benefits encourage unemployment. Thus, there’s a trade-off between equity and efficiency. The more generous are unemployment benefits, the less income is lost by an unemployed person, but the more that person is encouraged to remain unemployed. So greater equity reduces efficiency.

12.

Since average income in Western European countries has increased greatly over the past century, we are likely to have a better standard of living than our parents, and a much better standard of living than our grandparents. This is mainly the result of increased productivity, so that an hour of work produces more goods and services than it used to. Thus incomes have continuously risen over time, as has the standard of living.

13.

If Europeans save more and it leads to more spending on factories, there will be an increase in production and productivity, since the same number of workers will have more equipment to work with. The benefits from higher productivity will go to both the workers, who will get paid more since they're producing more, and the factory owners, who will get a return on their investments. There is no such thing as a free lunch, however, because when people save more, they are giving up spending. They get higher incomes at the cost of buying fewer goods.

14.

To make an intelligent decision about whether to reduce inflation, a policy maker would need to know what causes inflation and unemployment, as well as what determines the trade-off between them. Any attempt to reduce inflation may be expected to lead to higher unemployment in the short run. A policy maker thus faces a trade-off between the benefits of lower inflation compared to the cost of higher unemployment.

Economics, 2nd edition N. Gregory Mankiw and Mark P. Taylor ISBN 978-1-84480-870-0 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA

Problems and Applications 1.

a.

Drought damages the olive crop, reducing the supply of olives. This can be seen in Figure 6 as a shift to the left in the supply curve for olives. The new equilibrium price is higher than the old equilibrium price

b

Figure 6 The Olympic Games attracted a lot of extra visitors to Athens and they all needed somewhere to stay during their visit. So the demand for hotel rooms in Athens increased. The result, as shown in Figure 7, is a shift to the right in the demand curve. The equilibrium price of Athenian hotel roo ms was thus higher when the Olympics were taking place, as the figure shows.

Figure 7 c.

When a war breaks out in the Middle East, many markets are affected. Since much oil production takes place there, the war disrupts oil supplies, shifting the supply curve for petrol to the left, as shown in Figure 8. The result is a rise in the equilibrium price of petrol. With a higher price for petrol, the cost of operating a pe trol -guzzling car, like a Mercedes, will increase. As a result, the demand for used Mercedes will decline, as people in the market for cars w ill not find M ercedes as attractive as before. In addition, some people who already own Mercedes will try to sell them. The result is that the demand curve for used Mercedes shifts to the left, while the supply curve shifts to the right, as shown in Figure 9. The result is a decline in the equilibrium price of used Mercedes. Economics, 2nd edition N. Gregory Mankiw and Mark P. Taylor ISBN 978-1-84480-870-0 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA

26  Chapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and Demand

Figure 8

2.

Figure 9

The statement that "an increase in the demand for mozzarella raises the quantity of mozzarella demanded, but not the quantity supplied," in general, is false. As Figure 10 shows, the increase in demand for mozzarella results in an increased quantity supplied. The only way the statement would be true is if the supply curve was a vertical line, as shown in Figure 11.

Figure 10

Economics, 2nd edition N. Gregory Mankiw and Mark P. Taylor ISBN 978-1-84480-870-0 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA

Chapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and Demand  27

3.

a.

b

Figure 11 If people decide to have more children (a change in tastes), they will want larger vehicles for carrying their children around, so the demand for large family saloon cars will increase. Supply won't be affected. The result is a rise in both price and quantity, as Figure 12 shows.

Figure 12 If a strike by steelworkers raises steel prices, the cost of producing a car rises (a rise in input prices), so the supply of family cars decreases. Demand won't be affected. The result is a rise in the price of family cars and a decline in the quantity, as Figure 13 shows. Economics, 2nd edition N. Gregory Mankiw and Mark P. Taylor ISBN 978-1-84480-870-0 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA

28  Chapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and Demand

Figure 13

c.

The development of new automated mach inery for the production of cars is an improvement in technology. The reduction in firms' costs results in an increase in supply. Demand isn't affected. The result is a decline in the price of family cars and an increase in the quantity, as Figure 14 shows.

Figure 14 d.

The rise in the price of estate cars affects minivan demand because estate cars are substitutes for large family saloons (that is, there is a rise in the price of a related good). The result is an increase in demand for family saloon cars. Supply is not affected. In Economics, 2nd edition N. Gregory Mankiw and Mark P. Taylor ISBN 978-1-84480-870-0 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA

Chapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and Demand  29

equilibrium, the price and quantity of minivans both rise, as Figure 12 above shows. e.

The reduction in peoples' wealth caused by a stock market crash reduces their income, leading to a reduction in the demand for family saloons, since family saloons are likely a normal good. Supply isn’t affected. As a result, both price and quantity decline, as Figure 15 shows.

Figure 15

4

Technological advances that reduce the cost of producing computer chips represent a decline in an input price for producing a computer. The result is a shift to the right in the supply of computers, as shown in Figure 16. The equilibrium price falls and the equilibrium quantity rises, as the figure shows.

Figure 16 Economics, 2nd edition N. Gregory Mankiw and Mark P. Taylor ISBN 978-1-84480-870-0 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA

30  Chapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and Demand

Since computer software is a complement to computers, the lower equilibrium price of computers increases the demand for software. As Figure 17 shows, the result is a rise in both the equilibrium price and quantity of software.

Figure 17 Since typewriters are substitutes for computers, the lower equilibrium price of computers reduces the demand for typewriters. As Figure 18 shows, the result is a decline in both the equilibrium price and quantity of typewriters.

Figure 18 5.

a.

When a drought in Egypt damages the cotton crop, it raises input prices for producing Economics, 2nd edition N. Gregory Mankiw and Mark P. Taylor ISBN 978-1-84480-870-0 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA

Chapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and Demand  31

sweatshirts. As a result, the supply of sweatshirts shifts to the left, as shown i n Figure 19. The new equilibrium has a higher price and lower quantity of sweatshirts.

Figure 19 b.

A decline in the price of leather jackets leads more people to buy leather jackets, reducing the demand for sweatshirts (on the assumption that sweatshirts and leather jackets are substitutes for one another). The result, shown in Figure 20, is a decline in both the equilibrium price and quantity of sweatshirts.

Figure 20 c.

The effect of universities requiring students to engage in morning exercise classes in appropriate attire is to raise the demand for sweatshirts, as shown in Figure 21. The Economics, 2nd edition N. Gregory Mankiw and Mark P. Taylor ISBN 978-1-84480-870-0 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA

32  Chapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and Demand

result is an increase in both the equilibrium price and quantity of sweatshirts.

Figure 21

d.

The invention of new knitting machines increases the supply of sweatshirts. As Figure 22 shows, the result is a reduction in the equilibrium price and an increase in the equilibrium quantity of sweatshirts.

Figure 22 Economics, 2nd edition N. Gregory Mankiw and Mark P. Taylor ISBN 978-1-84480-870-0 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA

Chapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and Demand  33

6.

A temporarily high birth rate in the year 2005 leads to opposite effects on the price of babysitting services in the years 2010 and 2020. In the year 2010, there are more 5-year olds who need sitters, so the demand for baby-sitting services rises, as shown in Figure 23. The result is a higher price for baby-sitting services in 2010. However, in the year 2020, the increased number of 15-year olds shifts the supply of baby-sitting services to the right, as shown in Figure 24. The result is a decline in the price of baby-sitting services.

Figure 23

7.

Figure 24

Vinegar is a complement for chips. When the price of chips rises, the quantity demanded of hot d ogs falls, thus reducing the demand for vinegar, causing both price and quantity of vinegar to fall. Exactly the same argument may be applied to the markets for ketchup and fish - both are complementary products for chips. The impact on the market for orange juice is less obvious - orange juice is unlikely to be considered either a s ubstitute or complement for chips. However, since the quantity of ketchup falls, the demand for tomatoes by ketchup producers falls, so both price and quantity of tomatoes fall. When the price of toma toes falls, producers of tomato juice face lower input prices, so the supply curve for tomato juice shifts out, causing the price of tomato juice to fall and the quantity of tomato juice traded in the market to rise. The fall in the price of tomato juice causes people to substitute tomato juice for orange juice, so the demand for orange juice declines, causing the price and quantity of orange juice to fall. Now you can see clearly why a rise in the price of hot dogs leads to a fall in price of orange juice!

Economics, 2nd edition N. Gregory Mankiw and Mark P. Taylor ISBN 978-1-84480-870-0 © 2011 Cengage Learning EMEA

34  Chapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and Demand

Figure 25