Capstone Research Quarter3 MELC 3-4 PDF

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TITLE: Qualitative Determination of Vitamin C Presence in Locally Available Vegetables IMRaD Expected literature for citation INTRODUCTION  Current state of the field Maintenance of daily dietary intake of vitamin C leads to the prevention of scurvy which is the deficiency disease state of vitamin...

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TITLE: Qualitative Determination of Vitamin C Presence in Locally Available Vegetables IMRaD Expected literature for citation INTRODUCTION  Current state of  Maintenance of daily dietary intake of vitamin C leads to the the field prevention of scurvy which is the deficiency disease state of vitamin C. This disease state has been shown to be high in children and the elderly. (Davison, Passmore, & Brocks, 1972 )  The importance of ascorbate (viatmin C) for humans has been recently highlighted through the characterization of its role in the activity of TETs and histone demethylases. Therefore, it is important to understand the mechanisms that determine the levels of ascorbate in fruits, a major source for ascorbate in human diet. (Fenech et al., 2018)  Current practices in addressing the issue

 Vitamin-C is also known as ascorbic. Ascorbic acid is an antioxidant helps in various functions like Iron Absorption, Bone Building, Wound Healing, Healthy Skin, lowering of blood pressure, Eyesight, and immune Function. (Pauling,1981)  Fresh fruits and vegetables are the major sources of this vitamin, therefore increasing its concentration will have an important impact in human nutrition. (Hampl, et al., 2004)

 Research gap

 Storage of fruit and vegetables in refrigerator for longer duration as well as cooking of fruit and vegetables for longer time also reduces the contents of vitamin c. So it is concluded that we have to eat fruits and vegetables fresh and raw to get more vitamin c. (Sanjay, 2004)  When we compare the results between fresh, frozen and cooked plant materials then it is observed that the fresh fruit and vegetable juice show maximum content of vitamin C than frozen and cooked plant material. (Igwemmar et al., 2013) also studied effect of heating on vitamin C content in different vegetables and found that due to cooking there was a decrease in the content of vitamin C. (Gilani et al., 2017) also showed that Storage of fruits and vegetables in refregirator increases their phenolic acids but decreases the total phenolics, Anthocyanins and vitamin C with subsequent loss of their antioxidant capacity.

 Contribution of the current study:

 According to a study “Determination of Vitamin C in Fruits and Vegetables”, the highest concentration of ascorbic acid from different vegetables was determined in Parsley (21.4 mg/100g) and was lowest concentration in green chilli (3.02 mg/100g).  In another study, a method of measuring vitamin C concentration using a digital camera and organic compound color reaction was proposed. The RGB and CIELab values of the solution were obtained by developing a measurement device and implementing image processing software. The relationship between various color components and vitamin C concentration was determined, and the corresponding curves were constructed using nonlinear, linear, and multivariate fitting. The relationship curve constructed by multivariate

fitting enhances computer processing, optimizes the fitting effect, and improves the measurement accuracy. The content of vitamin C in the standard solution and actual fruits and vegetables was determined by the proposed method and compared with that obtained by the spectrophotometric method. The comparison results show that the method of the digital camera combined with the color reaction of colored compounds is more accurate than the spectrophotometric method. (Zao et al., 2020) MATERIALS AND METHODS  Material and procedure

 Determination of Vitamin C in Fresh Fruits and Vegetables Using the Dye-titration and Microfluorometric Methods The study' has quantitated the differences in vitamin C values obtainable by the dye-titration and fluorometric methods for a number of fruits and vegetables. There is considerable variation in these differences, depending on the amount of DHAA present in the food. It is clear that the use of the dyetitration method would result in underestimation of total vitamin C activity in a food. Meanwhile, if a fluorometer was available, ascorbic acid plus DHAA values may be determined. It is, however, a more lengthy procedure, and greater care has to be given to the various steps involved.  Determination of vitamin C in some fruits and vegetables in Davanagere City Vitamin C was determined by using the procedure as outlined by Food Analysis Laboratory Manual Chapter 7 Vitamin C Determination by Indophenol Method9 and AOAC International Methods of Analysis vol 16 Method 967.2110. 10 g of each of the samples with the exception of fruits was accurately weighed and ground using mortar and pestle with an additional of 20 ml of metaphosphoric acid acetic acid.  COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OFVITAMIN-C CONTENT FROM LOCALLY AVAILABLE FRUITS AND VEGETABLES In this present work the quantity of vitamin-C was analysed by simple iodometric titration method. Iodine is relatively insoluble, but this can be improved by complexing the iodine with iodide to form tri iodide, Tri iodide oxidizes vitamin C to form dehydroascorbic acid. As long as vitamin C is present in the solution, the tri iodide is converted to the iodine ion very quickly. However when all the vitamin C is oxidized, iodine & tri iodide will be present. Then to detect titration endpoint standard indicator starch is used. it forms a black complex. The blue-black colour is the end point of the titration.

 Data gathering and analysis

 Determination of Vitamin C in Fresh Fruits and Vegetables Using the Dye-titration and Microfluorometric Methods A total of 43 types of fresh fruits and vegetables were studied. Vitamin C content of 19 types of fruits is tabulated in Table I, whilst those for the 24 fresh vegetables are given in Table 2. Results in both tables are tabulated in ascending order of the vitamin content as obtained by the dye-titration

method. In the case of the fruits analysed, there appeared to be no major difference in the vitamin C content determined by either method for 6 types of fruits (difference < 10%). In another 10 types, the difference was between 17 to 50% of the total ascorbate content. In the remaining 3 fruits, the difference was greater than 60%. For the vegetables studies, the difference in results obtained by the two methods was found to be higher. Only in 3 vegetables was the difference found to be < 10%. Twelve of them gave a difference of between 13-50%, while for the remaining 9, the difference was greater than 50%.  Disposal

 Determination of vitamin C in some fruits and vegetables in Davanagere City The result of estimation of vitamin C in some local fruits and vegetables are show in table 1. The result obtained is comparable to the results of other studies carried out on the estimation of vitamin C from some local fruits and vegetables11. The result shows in fruits lemon have maximum vitamin c content and banana have low vitamin c content and in vegetables cauliflower have maximum and beans have low vitamin c content. Since these fruits and vegetables are always available in local markets and they are also not expensive, the considerable amount of vitamin C presents in these fruits and vegetables showed that when they are consumed in relative large amount, they will certainly contribute to the daily human dietary intake of the vitamin. It is to be noted that the requirement of vitamin C increases during pregnancy, lactation, adolescence, hyperthyroidism, infection and after surgery. Maintenance of daily dietary intake of vitamin C leads to the prevention of scurvy which is the deficiency disease state of vitamin C. This disease state has been shown to be high in children and the elderly.

Guide Questions: 1. What ethical issues are resolved in doing literature review? Ethical issues such as informed consent, protection of children, anonymity and confidentiality, and payment of research participants are resolved upon doing literature review. 2. How do you resolve these critical issues? In order to resolve these critical issues we should properly give credit to the researchers who have given us foundation to fulfil our research. We should also follow the steps in writing the review of related literature and follow the IMRaD format in writing the scientific paper.

3. What is the role of literature review in proposing a scientific study? In a scientific study, the literature review has the role of giving our topic foundation and coherency. It also validates our study by providing context on the relevance of the research.

Activity 2 Title: FEASIBILITY OF CIGARETTE FILTER IN PLASTIC POT PRODUCTION THROUGH DISSOLUTION IMRaD 

INTRODUCTION Current state of the field

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Current practices in addressing the issue

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Research gap

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Contribution of the current study

Cited literature  According to the article of J L Pauly, More than 90% of the cigarettes sold worldwide have a filter. Nearly all filters consist of a rod of numerous plastic-like cellulose acetate fibres—scientifically cellulose acetate is considered as plastic and are mainly used in the production of cigarette filter and takes up 10 years to degrade (J.Indian, 2019).  In a study of Vincent Summers, "The Effect of Acetone on Plastic", he stated that, if a particular plastic bears a close enough similarity to acetone, the acetone will dissolve or at least affect its surface, softening, smearing or even dissolving the plastic. Other plastics, dissimilar to acetone, will remain unaffected by the solvent. In addition, acetone is known as "a good solvent choice" due to its ability to dissolve both polar and nonpolar. Tomadoni et al. studied that planting-pots based on  biodegradable materials remove the necessity to transplant and hence, discard a container. Planting pots made from industrial and agricultural solid waste, such as wood pulp, paper, or peat moss can be buried directly into the soil altogether with the plant and eventually the container will decompose. Similarly, pots based on biodegradable polymers will also biodegrade when placed in the ground. This chapter reviews the latest findings on biopots (i.e. biodegradable planting pots) based on bioplastics, and also those based on industrial and agricultural waste. Bioplastics usually with addition of different reinforcements, such as plant or wood fibers, are a potential alternative to conventional petroleum-based pots.  Puls et al, (2010) incited that athough cellulose acetate is a photodegradable polymer, it is not easily biodegradable. It may persist in the environment for more than ten years. The key mechanism for degradation is an initial deacetylation step by chemical hydrolysis and acetyl esterases, enzymes that are common in Proceedings 2018, 2, 1447 2 of 6 microrganisms. Then the cellulose backbone is degraded with cellulose.  Regarding cigarette butts, the highly entangled network of the fibers mixed with plasticizers make the disintegration of butts very slow and difficult (Puls et al., 2010)  A study of Benavente et al., (2019), it is possible to recover cellulose acetate from cigarette butts in order to reuse it and to decrease the amount of a residue which is generated in large quantities all around the world. According to the results of this study, the most efficient

methodology should include initial extraction steps with aqueous solutions, starting with an H2SO4 solution, followed by a NaCl solution. After that, an extraction process using an organic solvent should be also considered to eliminate the organic components of cigarette butts that are not soluble in water. Finally, a precipitation step using the acetone-water system would purify further the cellulose acetate. MATERIALS AND METHODS  Material and procedure

 “Cellulose Acetate Recovery from Cigarette Butts” All solvents were of HPLC grade and other chemicals were of analytical-reagent grade. Acetone, ethyl acetate, diethyl ether, ethanol, hexanes, sodium acetate, sulfuric acid and sodium chloride were purchased from Scharlab S. L. (Spain). Ultrapure water was produced by an automatic water distillation apparatus (Barnstend Nanopure, Thermo Scientfic). Cigarette butts, from different brands, were collected from specific receptacles located in bars and buildings from the Campus of the University of Extremadura and surroundings. They formed a very heterogeneous mixture, each butt had its original tobacco and blend of additives, and different amounts of remaining unburnt tobacco, as well as other posible contaminats, such as lipstick and saliva residue. The wrapping paper and any remaining tobacco were manually removed from the cigarette tips (Benavente et al., 2019).  Deacetylation Processing of Waste Cigarette Butts for High-Titer Bioethanol Production toward a Clean Recycling Process

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Data gathering and analysis

Three deacetylation solvent systems, i.e., aqueous alkali, emerging alkali ethanol organosolv, and alkali deep eutectic solvent, were assessed for their abilities to produce high-purity and digestible cellulose. Results showed the acetyl groups content in WCBs after various deacetylation processes was significantly decreased from 46.65% to ∼4.66%, corresponding to the cellulose content increasing from 54.94% to ∼94.61%. It was proposed that the dual function of acetyl groups removal and cellulose deconstruction of these deacetylation solvent systems was responsible for enriching cellulose and enhancing its enzymatic accessibility, which allowed the subsequent facile simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process to be operated at 20% (w/v) high solids loading. When the overall mass balance was traced during the deacetylation and SSF process based on 100 g of WCBs, a maximum bioethanol production of 25.4 g with a high titer of 76.5 g L –1 could be obtained. This work showed that a facile deacetylation process using alkaline solvent systems was promising for clean recycling of WCBs and also could provide useful technological information for valorizing other waste cellulose ester plastics (Shen et al., 2020).  According to Potts and Moerman [5] it might be a relationship between pH of solutions and the concentration of metals extracted from cigarette butts, although they did not found any appreciable

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Disposal

effect in pH within the range typical of precipitation (4–6). For investigation of how more acidic or basic pH values affect to the extraction of metals we used three different solutions: (a) 5% NaCl (w/v); (b) 5% NaAc (w/v) and 0.02% H2SO4 (w/v). After that, cigarette butts resulting from the extraction with each one of the above solutions were extracted consecutively with absolute ethanol, diethyl ether and hexanes, in order to dissolve the organic components in cigarette butts according to their polarity. Finally, the resulting solid was further purified by a precipitation method. It was dissolved in acetone and water was added dropwise until a white solid was obtained and filtered.  “Cellulose Acetate Recovery from Cigarette Butts”

Nowadays there is not a sustainable disposal method for this waste. A recycling technology for cigarette butts has not been stablished yet. The global production for cellulose acetate, the cigarette butts main component, was over 800000 metric tons per year in 2008 [7] and this material is obtained by the reaction of cellulose with acetic anhydride and acetic acid in the presence of sulphuric acid. Therefore recycling cigarette butts might contribute to save natural resources and would be an environmentally friendly way to dispose of cigarette butts. In this context, our research group proposes in this communication, a methodology to value cigarette butt waste based on the recovery of the cellulose acetate by a methodology that includes several solid-liquid extractions and a chemical precipitation. Cellulose acetate fiber has an acetate group on approximately 2–2.5 of every three hydroxyls and it is used in a variety of consumer products, including textiles, plastics, films, membranes and in controlled release of active drugs, fertilizers, pesticides or fragances.

Guide Questions: 1. By doing the literature review of your proposed study, what skills did you develop? Doing the literature review of my study made me develop my skills in doing intensive literature review. It also enhanced my reading and analyzing skills upon finding sources in my presented topic. 2. How does literature review affect your scientific study proposal? Upon doing a literature review it would affect my scientific study proposal significantly by providing my study a strong foundation of knowledge, context for readers, and coherency. 3. Why do researchers need to follow certain guidelines in the literature review? Researchers have to follow the guidelines upon doing the literature review as they serve as basis for knowledge development, promote the aims of your study, avoid the occurrence of error, and resolve ethical issues. IV. REFLECTION As a young researcher, what changes did you overcome in doing the literature review? As a young researcher, I overcame the changes of having mediocre comprehensive skills upon doing the literature review. More than that, I have also achieved to understand the areas of my topic that I have not yet researched in detail....