Case Study Analysis: Bacterial Bronchitis PDF

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A 45-year-old woman with a history of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease complains of an ongoing chest condition that has persisted for the past three days with visible symptoms. Patients with a history of COPD are prone to coronary disease across all ages and all gender in construct to patients ...

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Case Study Analysis: Bacterial Bronchitis (Author’s Name) (Course) (Instructor Name) (Assignment Due Date)

CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 2 Bacterial Bronchitis Case Scenario A 45-year-old woman with a history of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease complains of an ongoing chest condition that has persisted for the past three days with visible symptoms. Patients with a history of COPD are prone to coronary disease across all ages and all gender in construct to patients without a prior diagnosis of the disease. More importantly, it also remains the significant leading cause of death among patients in comparison to patient failure diagnosed with respiratory failure arising from COPD. Its obstruction of airflow can note this disease through the upper respiratory tract. On numerous, COPD occurs due to bacterial/viral infections that cause inflammation into the lungs. The condition is preventable; however, if not managed in time, it persists and hard to reserve, which can eventually lead to the demise of a patient. It worth noting that there are two phenotypes for COPD, namely emphysema and chronic bronchitis characterized by an irregular expansion of acinus and latter acute productions of cough that can persist to a year if not treated and managed in time. The woman has been coughing for the past few days also have a history of COPD characterized by chronic cough preventing her from a sound sleep. Furthermore, ED auscultation shows that the patient is experiencing harsh noises with her lungs region. Besides, she has been coughing and releasing thick green sputum that has been accompanied by the fever. Based on this above scenario, the case narrowed down to bacterial bronchitis with symptoms, such as shortness of breath, the patient has exhibited in the past few days. Besides, the patient is also unable to clear her throat because the sputum that is thicker and harder, and exhibits hyperinflation characterized with her flattened diaphragm and increased AP diameter. Exposure to cigarettes and marijuana smokers, air pollutants, preterm birth, and usage of antibiotics

CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 3 predispose individuals to the development of a disease, especially during the gestation period when vital organs of the body, such as heart and the lungs, are developing. Other predisposing factors include and not limited to early childhood asthma, respiratory tract infection, and underweight fetus. Cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiology process presenting these symptoms COPD tends to affect both the lungs and the heart in individuals diagnosed with any of the triads of COPD (asthma, pneumonia, and bacterial bronchitis). The lung relies on the heart to functions well, and both are important in maintaining critical oxygenation tissues of the body (McCance & Huether, 2018). These diseases share numerous physiological processes, signs, and symptoms and are indicators of an occurrence of a severe underlying condition, particularly when a patient is diagnosed with COPD. Advancement of COPD contributes to dysrhythmia, right ventricular dysfunction, and pulmonary hypertension. It also affects the heart muscles contributing to localized necrosis, preventing regular blood supply into the heart. Individuals with exacerbated COPD, on numerous occasions, are exercise intolerance due to myocardial infarction that affects the right ventricular inhibiting blood supply to the heart. COPD patients exhibit high cardiac biomarkers, such as fibrinogen, C - reactive protein (CRP), and troponin, amongst others that can contribute to coronary diseases, such as hypertension, rheumatic heart disease, and angina pectoris. Primary disorders arising from the respiratory systems, such as bacterial bronchitis, contribute to cor pulmonale affecting the right ventricles in the heart, inhibiting the heart's ability to pump blood (Leong et al., 2020). Notably, when the lungs are not functioning appropriately due to an infection or virus, the impact is transmuted to the heart; for instance, heart cor pulmonale is associated with the development of pulmonary hypertension. The expansion of the

CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 4 right ventricular characterizes it, a process is known as hypertrophy or dilation. The disease arises due to pressure overload that originates from the pulmonary artery transmuted to the right ventricular. The pressure overload increases the workload of the right ventricular inhibiting it to supply blood effectively into the rest of the body. It causes hypertrophy, an inflammation of the thin heart muscle affecting the right ventricular creating as well as myocardial perfusion. Because of the latter condition, the patient develops ischemia, reduced stypsis, and overload on the right ventricular. Development of pneumonia (COPD triad) can also be led to the development of acute hypoxemia, further exacerbating pulmonary hypertension, and compromising the integrity of the ventricle. Morphogenesis also indicates that the right ventricular failure arises from genetic variation that affects progenitor cells. It is further exacerbated by their embryologic genealogies of these cells(McCance & Huether, 2018). The diagnosis of the patient is dependent on physical examination, echocardiogram or electrocardiogram, and radiographic imaging analyses. In addition to that, a treatment options targeting cor pulmonale to reduce overload on the right ventricle, consequently relieving pulmonary artery pressure thus addressing the underlying COPD (Washko, 2010). Any racial/ethnic variable that may impact physiological functioning According to numerous researches conducted, it has been noted that COPD is predisposed to factors, such as genetics, gender, ethnicity, and race that contributes to development of the disease. However, there is paucity of data comparing different ethnic/ racial groups. The available data, however, suggest that exists variation in the cases of COPD diagnosed. More importantly, biological and genetic variation is essential in examining the pathophysiological function of an individual that contributes to the development of the disease.

CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 5 Other factors include increase exposure to smokes from cigarettes, inequality in diagnosis and management, including recruitment of marginalized group during clinical trials, and control of the disease. The genetic risk factor contributing to the development of the disease is highly associated with natural history, including individuals sharing similar cigarette smoking habits. It has been noted that small cases of COPD show significant genetic contributing factor known as an α1antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) that is highly apparent in Northern European descents with few instances from other lineages (Genetics | COPDGene. Copdgene.org, 2020). Despite significant development in the field of diagnosis and management of the disease, AATD remains to be rare amongst diagnosed cases. Other genes that have shown similar results include metamorphosis factor-β1, S-transferase PI, and microsomal epoxide hydrolase contributing to the development of the COPD How these processes interact to affect the patient The development of the disease, such as bacterial bronchitis, causes a patient to experience shortness of breath due to obstruction of the upper respiratory system hence a high priority case. According to CXR, the disease further causes inflammation of the lungs making, which can be observed as a flattened diaphragm and enlarged AP diameter due to bacterial bronchitis affecting the heart (Washko, 2010). Besides, prior diagnosis of the disease exacerbates the patient condition leading to chronic cough characterized by the release of green sputum. Auscultation examination assesses the patient to determine her respiration condition and rhythm. However, the disease can be addressed by giving the patient a suppressant medication to reduce episodes of coughing. Notably, it is recommended that the patient be administered with Tylenol to reduce the fever with a combination of diuretic among some patients to diminish fluids within

CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 6 their lungs. Besides, based on the lab results, the patient can be recommended to be on antibiotics to help improve their immune response and disease management. Patients diagnosed with the condition exhibit rhonchi during auscultation (Rhonchi Lung Sound. Easy Auscultation, 2020).

References McCance, K. L., & Huether, S. E. (2018). Pathophysiology-E-book: the biologic basis for disease in adults and children. Elsevier Health Sciences. Leong, D., H Dave, R., G Kocheril, A., & G Kocheril, A. (2020). Cor Pulmonale: Introduction to Cor Pulmonale, Etiology and Pathophysiology of Cor Pulmonale, Epidemiology of Cor

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https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/154062-overview#a2. Washko G. R. (2010). Diagnostic imaging in COPD. Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine, 31(3), 276–285. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1254068 Genetics

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http://www.copdgene.org/genetics. Rhonchi Lung Sound. Easy Auscultation. (2020). Retrieved 20 March 2020, from https://www.easyauscultation.com/rhonchi....